Multicriteria design of rain gauge networks for flash flood prediction in semiarid catchments with complex terrain
Author: Till H. M. Volkmann,Steve W. Lyon,Hoshin V. Gupta,Peter A. Troch | Size: 1.9 MB | Format:PDF | Quality:Unspecified | Publisher: wiley | Year: 2010 | pages: 1-16 | ISBN: --
Despite the availability of weather radar data at high spatial (1 km2) and temporal (5–15 min) resolution, ground-based rain gauges continue to be necessary for accurate estimation of storm rainfall input to catchments during flash flood events, especially in mountainous catchments. Given economical considerations, a long-standing problem in catchment hydrology is to establish optimal placement of a small number of rain gauges to acquire data on both rainfall depth and spatiotemporal variability of intensity during extreme storm events. Using weather radar observations and a dense network of 40 tipping bucket rain gauges, this study examines whether it is possible to determine a reliable “best” set of rain gauge locations for the Sabino Canyon catchment near Tucson, Arizona, USA, given its complex topography and dominant storm track pattern. High-quality rainfall data are used to evaluate all possible configurations of a “practical” network having from one to four rain gauges. A multicriteria design strategy is used to guide rain gauge placement, by simultaneously minimizing the residual percent bias and maximizing the coefficient of correlation between the estimated and true mean areal rainfall and minimizing the normalized spatial mean squared error between the estimated and true spatiotemporal rainfall distribution. The performance of the optimized rain gauge network was then compared against randomly designed network ensembles by evaluating the quality of streamflows predicted using the Kinematic Runoff and Erosion (KINEROS2) event-based rainfall-runoff model. Our results indicate that the multicriteria strategy provided a robust design by which a sparse but accurate network of rain gauges could be implemented for semiarid basins such as the one studied.
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Groundwater long-term monitoring (LTM) is a costly activity required at most subsurface remediation sites. Many existing LTM networks need to be optimized to reflect changes in site conditions and to increase their effectiveness in defining the plume. A spatial analysis method using Delaunay triangulation techniques was developed to eliminate redundant monitoring points and to locate new wells where additional data are needed. This method uses Delaunay triangulation of the monitoring network for site discretization and assesses the concentration estimation error at each monitoring location to judge its relative contribution to the spatial plume characterization. Locations where the concentration estimation error is small are considered redundant and become candidates for elimination. New monitoring locations are identified where the projected concentration estimation errors are high. Tests comparing the Delaunay method to a fate and transport analytical model illustrated the attributes and effectiveness of the method. Application to a benzene plume site demonstrated that results from Delaunay triangulation agree well with geostatistical approaches. Although the method is relatively less accurate, and lacks the resolution obtained with the geostatistical approach, it is computationally efficient and simple to implement by non-statisticians.
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Following some general remarks on the importance and unimportance of optimization in spatial network design, we take up, in modest detail, how one might exploit spatial autocorrelations and covariateinformation. We point out that spatial autocorrelations themselves require care in their estimation andthen proceed with two illustrations to show how probabilistic error calculations are made for mappingproblems using network station data. One illustration uses a quantitative mapping variable, and the otheruses a qualitative mapping variable.
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Cokriging is used to merge rain gage measurements and radar rainfall data. The cokriging estimators included are ordinary, universal, and disjunctive. To evaluate the estimators, two simulation experiments are performed. The first experiment assumes that high-quality radar rainfall fields are ground truth rainfall fields. From each ground truth rainfall field, multiple combinations of rain gage measurement field and radar rainfall field are artificially generated with varying gage network density and error characteristics of radar rainfall. The second experiment uses a stochastic space-time rainfall model to generate assumed ground truth rainfall fields of various characteristics. Due to the sparsity of rain gage measurements, the second-order statistics required for cokriging can only be estimated with large uncertainty. The adverse effects of this uncertainty, and the point sampling error of rain gage measurements are explicitly assessed by cokriging the ground truth rainfall data and the radar rainfall data with near perfectly known second-order statistics.
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A large number of hydrological phenomena may be regarded as realizations of space-time random functions. Most available hydrological data sets exhibit time-rich/space-poor characteristics, as well as, some form of temporal periodicity and spatial non-stationarity. To better understand the space-time structure of such hydrological variables, the observed values at each measurement site are considered as separate, but correlated time series. Moreover, it is assumed that the time series are realizations of a mixture of random functions, each associated with a different temporal scale, represented by a particular basic variogram. To preserve the observed temporal periodicities, the experimental direct and cross variograms are modelled as linear combinations of a number of hole function variograms. In a further step, the principal component analysis is used to determine groupings of measurement stations at different temporal scales. The proposed procedure is then applied to monthly piezometric data in a basin south of Paris, France. The temporal scales are determined to be the 12-month seasonal and the 12-year climatic cycles. At each temporal scale different spatial groupings are observed which are attributed to the contrast between the nearly steady state climatic variations versus the almost transient seasonal fluctuations.
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An entropy approach to data collection network design
Author: Donald H. Burn,Yujuin Yang | Size: 1.3 MB | Format:PDF | Quality:Unspecified | Publisher: Elsevier | Year: 1994 | pages: 307-324 | ISBN: --
A new methodology is developed for data collection network design. The approach employs a measure of the information flow between gauging stations in the network which is referred to as the directional information transfer. The information flow measure is based on the entropy of gauging stations and pairs of gauging stations. Non-parametric estimation is used to approximate the multivariate probability density functions required in the entropy calculations. The potential application of the approach is illustrated using extreme flow data from a collection of gauging stations located in southern Manitoba, Canada.
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Please help me to get these papers out as i have no access to those articles. Thanks in advance for your support and cooperation.
1. An entropy approach to data collection network design
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2. Review of Geostatistics in Geohydrology. I: Basic Concepts
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3. Review of Geostatistics in Geohydrology. II: Applications
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4. Multivariate geostatistical approach to space-time data analysis
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5. Stochastic interpolation of rainfall data from rain gages and radar using cokriging: 1. Design of experiments
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8. Multicriteria design of rain gauge networks for flash flood prediction in semiarid catchments with complex terrain
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9. Spatial rainfall estimation by linear and non-linear co-kriging of radar-rainfall and raingage data
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10. A geostatistical approach for areal rainfall statistics assessment
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11. Temporal-spatial variation and the influence factors of precipitation in Sichuan Province, China
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12. Estimation of mean annual precipitation as affected by elevation using multivariate geostatistics
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13. Multivariate geostatistical trend detection and network evaluation of space-time acid deposition data—I. Methodology
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15. Spatial and temporal scales in rainfall analysis — Some aspects and future perspectives
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16. Evaluation of rainfall networks using entropy: I. Theoretical development
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17. Evaluation of rainfall networks using entropy: II. Application
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18. Geostatistical mapping of precipitation: implications for rain gauge network design
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19. A simple approach for improving spatial interpolation of rainfall using ANN
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20. Progress in the design of hydrologic-data networks
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The new Autodesk Inc. Design and Creation Suites offer unprecedented access to the Autodesk 2014 software portfolio spanning the desktop and cloud and allow building, product, plant, and factory design; engineering, construction and infrastructure; and entertainment creation professionals to innovate more. Autodesk Revit AMS 2014 is the 3-in-1 version, that includes features for architectural design, MEP and structural engineering.
Autodesk Revit software delivers tools that support architectural design, MEP engineering, structural engineering, and construction. Revit is specifically built for Building Information Modeling (BIM) to help you design, build, and maintain higher-quality, more energy-efficient buildings. Comprehensive features make it an ideal solution for the entire building project team.
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CivilEA is a NGO website that I am administrator of it (We are a team of administrator).
Moderators of CivilEA are valuable users of here. We do not have any salary or award to moderators/administrators for working here, and they work here because they love.
All subscription fee will be cost for improving CivilEA, We do not force any user to pay.
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For your information I want to say I (admin) and all other moderators are friend in WWW and we do not know others in true life, even we do not know true name and age of others. And this is a fact of virtual life in the WWW.
I promise you CivilEA will be improving more and more. Our man property is our active users that made CivilEA bigger and bigger.
Posted by: pezhmankhan - 04-08-2013, 07:26 AM - Forum: Steel
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ASM Handbook, Volume 6: Welding, Brazing, and Soldering
Author: Kelly Ferjutz, Joseph R. Davis | Size: 49.8 MB | Format:PDF | Quality:Unspecified | Publisher: ASM | Year: 1994 | pages: 2873 | ISBN: 0871703823
Volume 6 is the most comprehensive reference book ever produced on the major joining technologies and their applications to engineered materials--90% of its contents are totally new to the ASM Handbook Series. With over 500 illustrations and 400 tables, this book includes practical advice on consumable selection and procedure development, as well as joining fundamentals.
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