Cokriging is used to merge rain gage measurements and radar rainfall data. The cokriging estimators included are ordinary, universal, and disjunctive. To evaluate the estimators, two simulation experiments are performed. The first experiment assumes that high-quality radar rainfall fields are ground truth rainfall fields. From each ground truth rainfall field, multiple combinations of rain gage measurement field and radar rainfall field are artificially generated with varying gage network density and error characteristics of radar rainfall. The second experiment uses a stochastic space-time rainfall model to generate assumed ground truth rainfall fields of various characteristics. Due to the sparsity of rain gage measurements, the second-order statistics required for cokriging can only be estimated with large uncertainty. The adverse effects of this uncertainty, and the point sampling error of rain gage measurements are explicitly assessed by cokriging the ground truth rainfall data and the radar rainfall data with near perfectly known second-order statistics.
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A large number of hydrological phenomena may be regarded as realizations of space-time random functions. Most available hydrological data sets exhibit time-rich/space-poor characteristics, as well as, some form of temporal periodicity and spatial non-stationarity. To better understand the space-time structure of such hydrological variables, the observed values at each measurement site are considered as separate, but correlated time series. Moreover, it is assumed that the time series are realizations of a mixture of random functions, each associated with a different temporal scale, represented by a particular basic variogram. To preserve the observed temporal periodicities, the experimental direct and cross variograms are modelled as linear combinations of a number of hole function variograms. In a further step, the principal component analysis is used to determine groupings of measurement stations at different temporal scales. The proposed procedure is then applied to monthly piezometric data in a basin south of Paris, France. The temporal scales are determined to be the 12-month seasonal and the 12-year climatic cycles. At each temporal scale different spatial groupings are observed which are attributed to the contrast between the nearly steady state climatic variations versus the almost transient seasonal fluctuations.
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An entropy approach to data collection network design
Author: Donald H. Burn,Yujuin Yang | Size: 1.3 MB | Format:PDF | Quality:Unspecified | Publisher: Elsevier | Year: 1994 | pages: 307-324 | ISBN: --
A new methodology is developed for data collection network design. The approach employs a measure of the information flow between gauging stations in the network which is referred to as the directional information transfer. The information flow measure is based on the entropy of gauging stations and pairs of gauging stations. Non-parametric estimation is used to approximate the multivariate probability density functions required in the entropy calculations. The potential application of the approach is illustrated using extreme flow data from a collection of gauging stations located in southern Manitoba, Canada.
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Please help me to get these papers out as i have no access to those articles. Thanks in advance for your support and cooperation.
1. An entropy approach to data collection network design
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2. Review of Geostatistics in Geohydrology. I: Basic Concepts
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3. Review of Geostatistics in Geohydrology. II: Applications
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4. Multivariate geostatistical approach to space-time data analysis
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5. Stochastic interpolation of rainfall data from rain gages and radar using cokriging: 1. Design of experiments
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8. Multicriteria design of rain gauge networks for flash flood prediction in semiarid catchments with complex terrain
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9. Spatial rainfall estimation by linear and non-linear co-kriging of radar-rainfall and raingage data
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10. A geostatistical approach for areal rainfall statistics assessment
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11. Temporal-spatial variation and the influence factors of precipitation in Sichuan Province, China
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12. Estimation of mean annual precipitation as affected by elevation using multivariate geostatistics
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13. Multivariate geostatistical trend detection and network evaluation of space-time acid deposition data—I. Methodology
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15. Spatial and temporal scales in rainfall analysis — Some aspects and future perspectives
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16. Evaluation of rainfall networks using entropy: I. Theoretical development
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17. Evaluation of rainfall networks using entropy: II. Application
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18. Geostatistical mapping of precipitation: implications for rain gauge network design
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19. A simple approach for improving spatial interpolation of rainfall using ANN
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20. Progress in the design of hydrologic-data networks
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The new Autodesk Inc. Design and Creation Suites offer unprecedented access to the Autodesk 2014 software portfolio spanning the desktop and cloud and allow building, product, plant, and factory design; engineering, construction and infrastructure; and entertainment creation professionals to innovate more. Autodesk Revit AMS 2014 is the 3-in-1 version, that includes features for architectural design, MEP and structural engineering.
Autodesk Revit software delivers tools that support architectural design, MEP engineering, structural engineering, and construction. Revit is specifically built for Building Information Modeling (BIM) to help you design, build, and maintain higher-quality, more energy-efficient buildings. Comprehensive features make it an ideal solution for the entire building project team.
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CivilEA is a NGO website that I am administrator of it (We are a team of administrator).
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All subscription fee will be cost for improving CivilEA, We do not force any user to pay.
The money is used to improve the forum and no one must be a member or to pay if he thinks is not fair.
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For your information I want to say I (admin) and all other moderators are friend in WWW and we do not know others in true life, even we do not know true name and age of others. And this is a fact of virtual life in the WWW.
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Posted by: pezhmankhan - 04-08-2013, 07:26 AM - Forum: Steel
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ASM Handbook, Volume 6: Welding, Brazing, and Soldering
Author: Kelly Ferjutz, Joseph R. Davis | Size: 49.8 MB | Format:PDF | Quality:Unspecified | Publisher: ASM | Year: 1994 | pages: 2873 | ISBN: 0871703823
Volume 6 is the most comprehensive reference book ever produced on the major joining technologies and their applications to engineered materials--90% of its contents are totally new to the ASM Handbook Series. With over 500 illustrations and 400 tables, this book includes practical advice on consumable selection and procedure development, as well as joining fundamentals.
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This paper, the first in a series of two, develops an entropy-based approach for evaluating
rainfall networks. Space and time dependencies between raingages are examined by autocovariance
and cross-covariance matrices. Multivariate distributions, associated with different dependencies, are
obtained using the principle of maximum entropy (POME). Formulas for entropy (uncertainty in data
of one raingage), joint entropy (uncertainty in data of two or more raingages) and transinformation
(common information content among two or more raingages) are derived for each distribution, based
on normal data. The decision whether to keep or eliminate a raingage depends entirely on reduction
or gain of information at that raingage. The lines of equal information (isoinformation contours are
defined by considering two raingages (bivariate case) and many raingages (multivariate case).
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Could you please provide me the following two articles
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Dear ALL, I recently run the disk cleaner under the software "Your Uninstaller" and surprisingly, I had over 5GB of "unnecessary" files. Is it fine for me to delete these files, wont it affect (negatively) the performance of my laptop?
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