One marker of the majesty of ancient Rome is its surviving architectural legacy, the stunning remains of which are scattered throughout the circum-Mediterranean landscape. Surprisingly, one truly remarkable aspect of this heritage remains relatively unknown. There exists beneath the waters of the Mediterranean the physical remnants of a vast maritime infrastructure that sustained and connected the western world's first global empire and economy. The key to this incredible accomplishment and to the survival of structures in the hostile environment of the sea for two thousand years was maritime concrete, a building material invented and then employed by Roman builders on a grand scale to construct harbor installations anywhere they were needed, rather than only in locations with advantageous geography or topography. This book explains how the Romans built so successfully in the sea with their new invention. The story is a stimulating mix of archaeological, geological, historical and chemical research, with relevance to both ancient and modern technology. It also breaks new ground in bridging the gap between science and the humanities by integrating analytical materials science, history, and archaeology, along with underwater exploration. The book will be of interest to anyone interested in Roman architecture and engineering, and it will hold special interest for geologists and mineralogists studying the material characteristics of pyroclastic volcanic rocks and their alteration in seawater brines. The demonstrable durability and longevity of Roman maritime concrete structures may be of special interest to engineers working on cementing materials appropriate for the long-term storage of hazardous substances such as radioactive waste. A pioneering methodology was used to bore into maritime structures both on land and in the sea to collect concrete cores for testing in the research laboratories of the CTG Italcementi Group, a leading cement producer in Italy, the University of Berkeley, and elsewhere. The resulting mechanical, chemical and physical analysis of 36 concrete samples taken from 11 sites in Italy and the eastern Mediterranean have helped fill many gaps in our knowledge of how the Romans built in the sea. To gain even more knowledge of the ancient maritime technology, the directors of the Roman Maritime Concrete Study (ROMACONS) engaged in an ambitious and unique experimental archaeological project - the construction underwater of a reproduction of a Roman concrete pier or pila. The same raw materials and tools available to the ancient builders were employed to produce a reproduction concrete structure that appears to be remarkably similar to the ancient one studied during ROMACON's fieldwork between 2002-2009. This volume reveals a remarkable and unique archaeological project that highlights the synergy that now exists between the humanities and science in our continuing efforts to understand the past. It will quickly become a standard research tool for all interested in Roman building both in the sea and on land, and in the history and chemistry of marine concrete. The authors also hope that the data and observations it presents will stimulate further research by scholars and students into related topics, since we have so much more to learn in the years ahead.
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Traditional FEM and the more recent BEM underlie many engineering computational methods and corresponding software. Both methods have their merits and also their limitations. The combination of both methods will provide an improved numerical tool in the future.
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Book synthetically deals with the design of timber structures to Eurocode 5.
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This e-book is a complete catalog for Bridge & Highway Expansion Control Systems , types , models dimensions etc..
Moderator Note:
It's a Watson Bowman Acme - BASF catalog
further information:
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While the finite element method (FEM) has become the standard technique used to solve static and dynamic problems associated with structures and machines, ANSYS software has developed into the engineer’s software of choice to model and numerically solve those problems.
An invaluable tool to help engineers master and optimize analysis, The Finite Element Method for Mechanics of Solids with ANSYS Applications explains the foundations of FEM in detail, enabling engineers to use it properly to analyze stress and interpret the output of a finite element computer program such as ANSYS.
Illustrating presented theory with a wealth of practical examples, this book covers topics including:
Essential background on solid mechanics (including small- and large-deformation elasticity, plasticity, and viscoelasticity) and mathematics
Advanced finite element theory and associated fundamentals, with examples
Use of ANSYS to derive solutions for problems that deal with vibration, wave propagation, fracture mechanics, plates and shells, and contact
Totally self-contained, this text presents step-by-step instructions on how to use ANSYS Parametric Design Language (APDL) and the ANSYS Workbench to solve problems involving static/dynamic structural analysis (both linear and non-linear) and heat transfer, among other areas. It will quickly become a welcome addition to any engineering library, equally useful to students and experienced engineers alike
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This is a collection of brochures and design manuals dealing with many of the most common and used Doka system formworks solutions for the erection of different kinds of reinforced or unreinforced concrete structures.
Systems and solutions presented under the present collection of documents can be usefully employed on a construction site for the identification of the construction methods, for the execution of production cycle time analyses and by practising Engineers to determine the most suitable location of construction joints and/or the size of individual casting units.
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This book covers the impact of sustainable masonry on the environment, touting the many benefits of utilizing local and/or low embodied energy materials in the construction of sustainable buildings.
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Once slighted as mere copying from China, the arts of Japan are now seen as a unique alternation of advances and withdrawals. At times the islanders produced Chinese-style works of great beauty, unmatched on the continent. When they chose to be independent, their art differs at every level. Sculpture, and even more painting, are concrete, sensuous, and emotional, speaking directly to all. All that was most native in architectural taste survived the periods of Chinese monumentality - huge temples and gridiron city plans - with little change. The rambling, wood-paper-and-bamboo dwelling re-emerged 1000 years ago, almost as it may still be seen today.
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Description: ArcGIS for Desktop is one of the strongest components of the Esri ArcGIS platform. Users find it exciting because it has a lot of powerful tools and can work with a wide range of spatial data formats.
This book will make you a more effective and efficient GIS user by showing you how to use ArcGIS for Desktop to create your own geodatabase model and manage layers, symbols, and label styles. Furthermore it will help you learn how to create map documents, edit data in feature classes, find and fix topological errors, analyze surfaces, and most importantly create 3D representations, import and export several different data formats, and much more.
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