This specification covers the material requirements for cotton duck fabric bridge bearings. Cotton duck fabric bearings furnished under this specification shall adequately provide for thermal expansion and contraction; rotation; camber changes; and creep and shrinkage, where applicable, of structural members. Cotton duck fabric bearings may be either fixed bearings or sliding bearings. Cotton duck fabric bearings as herein defined shall include fabric bearings, preformed fabric bearings, cotton duck pads, and cotton duck bearings.
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This specification covers carbon and high-strength low-alloy steel structural shapes, plates, and bars and quenched and tempered alloy steel, and stainless steel for structural plates intended for use in bridges. Eight grades are available in four yield strength levels.
Grades 250 [36], 345 [50], 345S [50S], 345W [50W], and 345CR [50CR] are also included in ASTM A36/A36M, A572/A572M, A992/A992M, A588/A588M, A514/A514M, and A1010/A1010. When the supplementary requirements of this specification are specified, they exceed the requirements of A36/A36M, A572/A572M, A992/A992M, A588/A588M, A514/A514M, and A1010/A1010M.
Grade HPS 485W [HPS 70W] or HPS 690W [HPS 100W] shall not be substituted for Grade 250 [36], 345 [50], 345S [50S], 345W [50W], 345CR [50CR], or HPS 345W [HPS 50W]. Grade 345W [50W], 345CR [50CR], or HPS 345W [HPS 50W] shall not be substituted for Grade 250 [36], 345 [50], or 345S [50S] without agreement between the purchaser and supplier.
When the steel is to be welded, it is presupposed that a welding procedure suitable for the grade of steel and intended use or service will be utilized. See Appendix X3 of ASTM A6/A6M for information on weldability.
For structural products to be used as tension components requiring notch toughness testing, standardized requirements are provided in this standard. These requirements are based on AASHTO requirements for both fracture-critical and non-fracture-critical members.
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AASHTO M259-2023, Standard Specification for Precast Reinforced Concrete Monolithic Box Sections for Culverts, Storm Drains, and Sewers Designed According to the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications
This specification covers single-cell precast reinforced concrete box sections cast monolithically and intended to be used for the construction of culverts and for the conveyance of storm water, industrial wastes, and sewage.
This specification is primarily a manufacturing and purchasing specification. However, standard designs are included and the criteria used to develop these designs are given in the Appendices. The successful performance of this product depends upon the proper selection of the box section, bedding, and backfill, and care that the installation conforms to the construction specifications. The owner of the precast reinforced concrete box sections specified herein is cautioned that the loading conditions and the field requirements must properly correlate with the box section specified and that inspection at the construction site must be provided.
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The Canada Centre for Mineral and Energy Technology (CANMET) of Natural Resources of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada, has played a significant role for more than 40 years in the broad area of concrete technology in Canada. In recent years, CANMET has become increasingly involved in research and development dealing with supplementary cemen¬titious materials, high-performance normalweight and lightweight concretes, and alkali-aggregate reactions. As part of CANMET’s technology transfer program, an international symposium on Advances in Concrete Technology was sponsored jointly with the American Concrete Institute (ACI) and other organizations in Athens, Greece, in May 1992. In June 1995, CANMET, in association with ACI and other organizations in Canada and the United Staes, sponsored the Second CANMET/ACI Symposium on Advances in Concrete Technology in Las Vegas, NV, USA. For the Athens symposium, the CANMET publication “Advances in Concrete Technology,” constituted the proceedings of the symposium. The proceedings from the Las Vegas symposium were published by ACI as SP-154.
In August 1997, CANMET, in association with ACI and other organizations in Canada and New Zealand, sponsored the Third CANMET/ACI Symposium on Advances in Concrete Technology in Auckland, New Zealand. The main purpose of the symposium was to bring together representatives from industry, universities, and government agencies to present the latest information on concrete technology, and to explore new areas of research and development. Thirty-three refereed papers from 15 countries were presented and distributed at the symposium. The proceedings were published as ACI SP-171.
In June 1998, CANMET, in association with ACI, Japan Concrete Institute (JCI), and several other organizations in Canada and Japan, sponsored the Fourth CANMET/ACI Conference on Recent Advances in Concrete Technology in Tokushima, Japan. More than 80 papers from 20 countries were received and reviewed in accordance with the policies of ACI. Sixty-one refereed papers were accepted for presentation at the conference and for publication as ACI SP-179. In addition to the refereed papers, more than 30 papers were presented and distributed at the conference.
In July-August 2001, CANMET, in association with ACI and several organizations in Singapore, sponsored the Fifth CANMET/ACI Conference on Recent Advances in Concrete Technology in Singapore. More than 100 papers from 25 countries were received and reviewed in accordance with the policies of ACI. Forty-six refereed and more than 25 additional papers were accepted for presentation at the conference. The proceedings of the conference were published as ACI SP-200.
In June 2003, CANMET, in association with ACI and several organizations in Romania, sponsored the Sixth CANMET/ACI Conference on Recent Advances in Concrete Technology in Bucharest, Romania. More than 40 papers presented at the conference were distributed “as received,” and no formal ACI special publication was published.
In May 2004, CANMET, in association with ACI and several other organizations in the United States, sponsored the Seventh CANMET/ACI Conference on Recent Advances in Concrete Technology in Las Vegas, NV. Seventeen refereed papers from more than 10 countries were presented and distributed at the conference. The proceedings of the conference, consisting of the refereed papers, were published as ACI SP-222. In addition to the refereed papers, 20 additional papers were presented and distributed at the conference.
In May 2006, CANMET, in association with ACI and several other organizations in Canada and the United States, sponsored the Eighth CANMET/ACI Conference on Recent Advances in Concrete Technology in Montreal, QC, Canada. The proceedings of the conference, consisting of 17 refereed papers, were published as ACI SP-235. In addition to the refereed papers, more than 30 additional papers were presented and distributed at the conference.
In May 2007, CANMET, in association with ACI and several other organizations in Canada, Europe, and the United States, sponsored the Ninth CANMET/ACI Conference on Recent Advances in Concrete Technology in Warsaw, Poland. The proceedings of the conference, consisting of 10 refereed papers, were published as ACI SP-243. More than 20 additional papers were presented and distributed at the conference.
In October 2009, ACI, in association with several organizations in Canada, Europe and the United States, sponsored the Tenth ACI Conference on Advances in Concrete Technology in Seville, Spain. The proceedings of the conference, consisting of 20 refereed papers, were published as ACI SP-261. In addition to the refereed papers, more than 20 additional papers were presented at the conference and published in a supplementary papers volume.
In May 2010, the Committee for the Organization of International Conferences (COIC) (formerly CANMET/ACI Conferences), in association with the Chinese Ceramics Society (CCS) and several other organizations in China, sponsored the Eleventh International Conference on Advances in Concrete Technology and Sustainability Issues in Jinan, China. More than 40 papers were presented at the conference. The proceedings of the conference were published by the CCS, Beijing, China.
In October 2012, the COIC, in association with ACI, sponsored the Twelfth International Conference on Advances in Concrete Technology and Sustainability Issues in Prague, Czech Republic. The proceedings of the conference, consisting of more than 30 refereed papers, were published as ACI SP-288. In addition to the refereed papers, more than 40 other papers were presented at the conference and published in a supple¬mentary papers volume.
In July 2015, the COIC, in association with ACI, sponsored the Thirteenth International Conference on Advances in Concrete Technology and Sustainability Issues in Ottawa, ON, Canada. The proceedings of the conference, consisting of 28 refereed papers, were published by ACI as SP-303. In addition to the refereed papers, more than 40 other papers were presented at the conference and published in a supplementary papers volume.
In October 2018, the CCS and the China Academy of Building Research (CABR), Beijing China, in association with the COIC sponsored the Fourteenth International Conference on Recent Advances in Concrete Technology and Sustainable Issues in Beijing, China. The proceedings of the conference, consisting of 19 refereed papers, were published by ACI as SP-330. In addition to the refereed papers, more than 52 other papers were presented at the conference and published in a supplementary papers volume.
In July 2022, after a postponement for the Covid-19 pandemic, the ACI Italy Chapter and the University of Bergamo, Italy, sponsored the Fifteenth International Conference on Recent Advances in Concrete Technology and Sustainable Issues in Milan, Italy. The proceedings of the conference, consisting of 44 refereed papers, were published by ACI as SP-355. In addition to the refereed papers, about 20 other papers were presented at the conference and published in a supplementary papers volume.
The main topics of the papers presented at the conference include: the deterioration of concrete structures; the corrosion of metallic reinforcement; the repair techniques of damaged concrete structures by using shrinkage-compensating cement-based mixtures; the protection of concrete structures by special materials to obtain watertight concrete; the reduction of the damage caused by alkali-silica reaction; the use of mineral additions such as fly ash, silica fume, and ground-granulated blast-furnace slag to improve the durability of concrete structures; and the production of concrete by reducing gas emissions and energy consumption such as the use of binders alternative to portland cement (alkali activated materials, geopolymers, sulphoaluminate cement) and recycling of wastes coming from different sources.
Thanks are extended to the reviewers for the valuable efforts in reviewing all the manuscripts published in the conference proceedings and in the supplementary volume.
The guidance from Dr. V. M. Malhotra and Prof. M. Collepardi, the Honorary Chairpersons of the conference, is sincerely appreciated.
Also, acknowledged is the support the American Concrete Institute for the publication of the proceedings (ACI SP-355).
The Editors
Dr. Denny Coffetti
Prof. Luigi Coppola
Dr. Terence Holland
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In May 1978, the Canada Centre for Mineral and Energy Technology (CANMET), in association with the American Concrete Institute (ACI) sponsored a 3-day conference in Ottawa, ON, Canada, on the use of superplasticizers in concrete. Selected papers from the conference were published as ACI SP-62.
In 1981, CANMET, again in association with ACI, sponsored a second 3-day international conference in Ottawa on the use of the superplasticizers in concrete. Proceedings of the conference were published as ACI SP-68.
The purpose of the third international conference in Ottawa in 1989 was to review the progress made since the meetings in 1978 and 1981, and to bring together representatives of the chemical admixtures, cement, and concrete industries to exchange information and delineate new areas of needed research. The scope of this conference was expanded to include chemical admixtures other than superplasticizers. Proceedings of the conference were published as ACI SP-119.
In October 1994, CANMET in association with ACI and several other organizations sponsored the fourth conference in Montreal, QC, Canada. The objective of this conference was to bring attention to new developments in chemical admixture since the last conference in 1989. The proceedings of the conference were published as ACI SP-148.
In October 1997, the Committee for the Organization of CANMET/ACI International Conference, (ACI Council), in association with ACI and several cement and concrete organizations in Italy, sponsored the fifth conference in Rome, Italy. The conference was aimed at transferring technology in the fast-moving field of chemical admixtures. The proceedings of the conference were published as ACI SP-173.
In October 2000, Committee for the Organization of CANMET/ACI International Conferences, (ACI Council), in association with several organizations in Canada and France, sponsored the sixth conference in Nice, France. More than 50 papers from more than 20 countries were received and reviewed by an ACI review panel, and 37 were accepted for publication in the proceedings of the conference. The proceedings were published as ACI SP-195.
In October 2003, the Committee for the Organization of CANMET/ACI International Conferences (ACI Council) in association with several organizations in Canada and Germany, sponsored the seventh conference in Berlin, Germany. The conference attracted more than 275 delegates and proceedings of the conference consisting of 39 papers, were published as ACI SP-217.
In October 2006, the Committee for the Organization of CANMET/ACI International Conferences, (ACI Council), sponsored the eighth conference in Sorrento, Italy. More than 60 papers from more than 25 countries were received, and peer reviewed by the CANMET/ACI review panel in Budapest, and 36 were accepted for publication as ACI SP-239.
In October 2009, the Committee for the Organization of International Conferences (COIC) (formerly CANMET/ACI International Conferences) sponsored the ninth ACI International Conference in Seville, Spain. More than 50 papers from more than 20 countries were received and peer reviewed, and 35 were accepted for publication in the proceedings of the conference. The proceedings were published as ACI SP-262.
In October 2012, COIC sponsored the Tenth International Conference on Superplasticizers and Other Chemical Admixtures in Concrete in Prague, Czech Republic. More than 70 papers from all over the world were peer reviewed, and 33 were accepted for publication in the proceedings of the conference. The proceedings were published as ACI SP-288.
In July, 2015, the COIC in association with ACI sponsored the Eleventh International Conference on Superplasticizers and Other Chemical Admixtures in concrete in Ottawa, ON, Canada. More than 60 papers from the world over were peer reviewed, and 28 were accepted for publication in the proceedings of the conference. Also, additional papers were presented at the conference that were published in the Supplementary Papers Volume.
In October 2018, the Chinese Ceramic Society and the China Academy of Building Research (CABR), Beijing China, in association with ACI, sponsored the Twelfth International Conference on Superplasticizers and other Chemical Admixtures in Concrete in Beijing China. More than 80 papers from all over the world were received and peer reviewed. A total of 36 refereed papers were accepted for publication in the proceedings of the conference. The proceedings were published by as ACI SP-329. The proceedings were published as ACI SP-302. Also, 54 additional papers were presented at the conference, and were published in the Supplementary Papers Volume.
In July, 2022, after a postponement for the COVID-19 pandemic, the ACI Italy Chapter and the University of Bergamo, Italy, sponsored the Thirteenth International Conference on Superplasticizers and Other Chemical Admixtures in Concrete in Milan, Italy. The proceedings of the conference consisting of 35 refereed papers were published by ACI as SP-354. In addition to the refereed papers, about 20 other papers were presented at the conference, and were published in a supplementary papers volume.
The main topics of the papers presented at the conference are related to superplasticizers, accelerating admixtures, retarding admixtures, air-entraining agents, shrinkage-reducing agents, superabsorbent polymers, and self-healing admixtures, and their influence on the properties of the concrete in fresh and hardened state. These properties include: workability, slump-loss, time of setting, heat of hydration, strength, durability, shrinkage, and creep of the concrete mixtures.
Thanks are extended to the reviewers for the valuable efforts in reviewing all the manuscripts published in the conference proceedings and in the supplementary volume.
The guidance from Dr. V. M. Malhotra and Prof. M. Collepardi, the Honorary Chairpersons of the conference, is sincerely appreciated.
Also, acknowledged is the support of ACI International for the publication of the proceedings (ACI SP-354).
The Editors
Dr. Denny Coffetti
Prof. Luigi Coppola
Dr. Terence Holland
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In recent years, both researchers and practicing engineers worldwide have been investigating the effect of live load distribution on concrete bridges during design, evaluation, and construction. Papers discussing live load distribution issues and innovation for concrete bridge decks and/or supporting girders were considered for inclusion in this Special Publication. Papers in the following areas of interest were sought: AASHTO methodology, other available codes/specification provisions, simplification of the AASHTO methodology, traffic non-parallel to girders, construction stage issues, partial composite deck-girder systems, long-span girders, slab-span structures, and bridges with missing as-built plans.
To exchange international experiences among a global group of researchers, ACI Committees 343 and 342 organized two sessions entitled “Live Load Distribution on Concrete Bridges: Design, Evaluation, Construction and Innovation” at the Fall 2021 ACI Virtual Convention. This Special Publication contains the technical papers from experts who presented their work at these sessions. The first session was focused on girder bridges and the second session was focused on non-girder bridges. The technical papers in this Special Publication are organized in the order in which they were presented at the ACI Convention.
Overall, in this Special Publication, authors from different backgrounds and geographical locations share their experiences and perspectives on how live load distribution affects concrete bridges during design, evaluation, and construction. Contributions were made from different regions of the world, and the technical papers were authored by experts at universities, government agencies, and private companies.
The co-editors, Dr. Nur Yazdani and Dr. Benjamin Dymond, are grateful for the contributions from the Special Publication authors and sincerely value the time and effort of the authors in preparing the papers in this volume. Furthermore, the Special Publication would not have been possible without the effort expended by the experts who peer reviewed the papers in this volume.
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Durability is one of the most important requirements for built-environments. Federal, state, and local agencies expend significant effort to maintain the quality and condition of aging civil infrastructure, especially in aggressive service environments. Among many factors, durability influences the service life, integrity, and reliability of concrete materials and structures. Extensive research has been conducted to understand the deterioration mechanisms of concrete in an effort to extend the longevity of concrete members. This Special Publication (SP) contains nine papers selected from three technical sessions held during the virtual ACI Fall Convention in October 2021. Emphasis is placed on durable reinforcing schemes, service life prediction, structural integrity, repair and retrofit, corrosion mitigation, inspection techniques, and the application of state-of-the-art construction materials. All manuscripts were reviewed by at least two experts in accordance with the ACI publication policy. The Editors wish to thank all contributing authors and anonymous reviewers for their rigorous efforts. The Editors also gratefully acknowledge Ms. Barbara Coleman at ACI for her knowledgeable guidance.
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This special publication draws inspiration from the Technical Session entitled “The Concrete Industry in the Era of Artificial Intelligence,” held during the ACI Virtual Concrete Convention in spring 2020. To parallel the Technical Session, this special publication is also tailored to showcase the unprecedented potential of leveraging artificial intelligence (AI) methods—including its derivatives of machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL)—in the concrete industry as a whole.
The idea behind this effort started as a thought during an ACI Committee 216 meeting. From there, both ACI Committees 444 (Chair: Thomas Schumacher) and 554 (Chair: Liberato Ferrara) displayed interest in co-sponsoring this special publication. This special publication comprises fifteen papers (five from our panelists and ten received from authors representing academia and the concrete industry). This collection of papers covers the use of various AI techniques at the material level (i.e., concrete performance and mass-scale testing, property predictions, and optimization, etc.), elemental level (e.g., behavioral and capacity prediction of slabs, walls, beams, and anchorages, etc.), as
well as system level (viz. damage and crack detection of concrete bridges and concrete composite structures).
We are very thankful to ACI, the ACI Technical Activities Committee, as well as all three technical committees. Your kind support and commitment have not only allowed us to explore a new realm of possibilities but have also enabled us to set the stage towards a new and modern future to our industry. Special thanks go to our panelists and contributors who were very kind to share their most recent research and unique ideas pertaining to infusing AI solutions to various problems within our domain. In addition, we send our warm regards to our reviewers, ACI staff, and Ms. Barbara A. Coleman for her help in setting up and editing this effort.
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