This specification describes the properties of applied, flat shaped precured elastomeric silicone joint sealants that bridge joint openings and are adhered to joint substrates utilizing a liquid applied silicone adhesive sealant to seal building openings such as panel joints, metal flashing joints, or other building openings in place of conventional liquid applied sealants. Seals are applied in three different configurations, as follows: as a bridge joint, the seal is applied flat on the surface to cover a joint opening; as a beveled bridge joint, the seal is applied on the beveled edge of a substrate to bridge a joint opening.; as a U-joint, the seal is applied in a U-configuration within a joint. Seals are classified into Movement Classes on the basis of movement capability, and Tear Class on the basis of tear propagation. Seals should adhere to specified requirements as to stability, color and texture, application, adhesion and cohesion, and movement, modulus, and tear characteristics.
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Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) reinforcements for concrete structures and civil engineering applications have become one of the innovative and fast-growing technologies to stop the rapid degradation of conventional steel-reinforced concrete infrastructure. FRP reinforcements for construction can be divided into three main types: 1. External sheets or plates to rehabilitate and repair existing concrete and masonry structures, and in some cases steel and wood structures; 2. Internal FRP bars or tendons for new and existing reinforced concrete structures, and 3. FRP stay-in-place forms to be filled with unreinforced or reinforced concrete. A considerable and valuable development and application’s work has been accomplished during the last three decades, leading to the development of numerous design guidelines and codes around the world, making the FRP-reinforcement technology one of the fast-growing markets in the construction industry. During the ACI Concrete Convention, Fall 2021, four full sessions were sponsored and organized by ACI Committee 440. Session S1 was focused on the bond and durability of internal FRP bars; Session S2 on codes, design examples, and applications of FRP internal reinforcements; Session S3 on external FRP reinforcements; and Session S4 on new systems and applications of FRP reinforcements, such as CFFT post-tensioned beams, GFRP-reinforced concrete sandwich panels, FRP-reinforced masonry walls, CFFT under impact lateral loading, near-surface mounted FRP-bars, and GFRP-reinforced-UHPC bridge deck joints.
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Through this protocol, the long-term strength and stiffness of geosynthetic reinforcements can be determined. This protocol contains test and evaluation procedures to determine reduction factors for installation damage, creep, and chemical/biological durability, as well as the method to combine these factors to determine the long-term strength. The long-term strength and stiffness values determined from this protocol can be used as input values for geosynthetic structure designs conducted in accordance with the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications and related Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) design guidelines. The long-term strength and stiffness values determined from this protocol can also be compared to the required design strength and stiffness values provided in the contract for the geosynthetic structure(s) in question to determine whether the selected product meets the contract requirements. This protocol can be used for product qualification or acceptance (e.g., for inclusion in a Qualified Products List), or for verification to facilitate periodic review of products for which the long-term strength has been previously determined using this standard practice.
This protocol has been developed to address polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE or HDPE), and polyester (PET) geosynthetics. See Section 3.1 for definitions of geosynthetic reinforcement and types of geosynthetics addressed in this standard practice. For other geosynthetic polymers [(e.g., polyamide (PA) or polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)], the installation damage and creep protocols provided herein are directly applicable. While the chemical and biological durability procedures and criteria provided herein may also be applicable to other polymers (for example, hydrolysis testing as described in Annex C is likely applicable to PA and PVA geosynthetics), additional investigation will be required to establish a detailed protocol and acceptance criteria for these other polymers. These other polymers may be considered for evaluation using this protocol once modifications to the chemical/biological durability aspects of this protocol have been developed and are agreed on by the approval authority.
This standard was formerly designated as provisional standard PP 66.
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This specification covers the material requirements for cotton duck fabric bridge bearings. Cotton duck fabric bearings furnished under this specification shall adequately provide for thermal expansion and contraction; rotation; camber changes; and creep and shrinkage, where applicable, of structural members. Cotton duck fabric bearings may be either fixed bearings or sliding bearings. Cotton duck fabric bearings as herein defined shall include fabric bearings, preformed fabric bearings, cotton duck pads, and cotton duck bearings.
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This specification covers carbon and high-strength low-alloy steel structural shapes, plates, and bars and quenched and tempered alloy steel, and stainless steel for structural plates intended for use in bridges. Eight grades are available in four yield strength levels.
Grades 250 [36], 345 [50], 345S [50S], 345W [50W], and 345CR [50CR] are also included in ASTM A36/A36M, A572/A572M, A992/A992M, A588/A588M, A514/A514M, and A1010/A1010. When the supplementary requirements of this specification are specified, they exceed the requirements of A36/A36M, A572/A572M, A992/A992M, A588/A588M, A514/A514M, and A1010/A1010M.
Grade HPS 485W [HPS 70W] or HPS 690W [HPS 100W] shall not be substituted for Grade 250 [36], 345 [50], 345S [50S], 345W [50W], 345CR [50CR], or HPS 345W [HPS 50W]. Grade 345W [50W], 345CR [50CR], or HPS 345W [HPS 50W] shall not be substituted for Grade 250 [36], 345 [50], or 345S [50S] without agreement between the purchaser and supplier.
When the steel is to be welded, it is presupposed that a welding procedure suitable for the grade of steel and intended use or service will be utilized. See Appendix X3 of ASTM A6/A6M for information on weldability.
For structural products to be used as tension components requiring notch toughness testing, standardized requirements are provided in this standard. These requirements are based on AASHTO requirements for both fracture-critical and non-fracture-critical members.
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AASHTO M259-2023, Standard Specification for Precast Reinforced Concrete Monolithic Box Sections for Culverts, Storm Drains, and Sewers Designed According to the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications
This specification covers single-cell precast reinforced concrete box sections cast monolithically and intended to be used for the construction of culverts and for the conveyance of storm water, industrial wastes, and sewage.
This specification is primarily a manufacturing and purchasing specification. However, standard designs are included and the criteria used to develop these designs are given in the Appendices. The successful performance of this product depends upon the proper selection of the box section, bedding, and backfill, and care that the installation conforms to the construction specifications. The owner of the precast reinforced concrete box sections specified herein is cautioned that the loading conditions and the field requirements must properly correlate with the box section specified and that inspection at the construction site must be provided.
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The Canada Centre for Mineral and Energy Technology (CANMET) of Natural Resources of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada, has played a significant role for more than 40 years in the broad area of concrete technology in Canada. In recent years, CANMET has become increasingly involved in research and development dealing with supplementary cemen¬titious materials, high-performance normalweight and lightweight concretes, and alkali-aggregate reactions. As part of CANMET’s technology transfer program, an international symposium on Advances in Concrete Technology was sponsored jointly with the American Concrete Institute (ACI) and other organizations in Athens, Greece, in May 1992. In June 1995, CANMET, in association with ACI and other organizations in Canada and the United Staes, sponsored the Second CANMET/ACI Symposium on Advances in Concrete Technology in Las Vegas, NV, USA. For the Athens symposium, the CANMET publication “Advances in Concrete Technology,” constituted the proceedings of the symposium. The proceedings from the Las Vegas symposium were published by ACI as SP-154.
In August 1997, CANMET, in association with ACI and other organizations in Canada and New Zealand, sponsored the Third CANMET/ACI Symposium on Advances in Concrete Technology in Auckland, New Zealand. The main purpose of the symposium was to bring together representatives from industry, universities, and government agencies to present the latest information on concrete technology, and to explore new areas of research and development. Thirty-three refereed papers from 15 countries were presented and distributed at the symposium. The proceedings were published as ACI SP-171.
In June 1998, CANMET, in association with ACI, Japan Concrete Institute (JCI), and several other organizations in Canada and Japan, sponsored the Fourth CANMET/ACI Conference on Recent Advances in Concrete Technology in Tokushima, Japan. More than 80 papers from 20 countries were received and reviewed in accordance with the policies of ACI. Sixty-one refereed papers were accepted for presentation at the conference and for publication as ACI SP-179. In addition to the refereed papers, more than 30 papers were presented and distributed at the conference.
In July-August 2001, CANMET, in association with ACI and several organizations in Singapore, sponsored the Fifth CANMET/ACI Conference on Recent Advances in Concrete Technology in Singapore. More than 100 papers from 25 countries were received and reviewed in accordance with the policies of ACI. Forty-six refereed and more than 25 additional papers were accepted for presentation at the conference. The proceedings of the conference were published as ACI SP-200.
In June 2003, CANMET, in association with ACI and several organizations in Romania, sponsored the Sixth CANMET/ACI Conference on Recent Advances in Concrete Technology in Bucharest, Romania. More than 40 papers presented at the conference were distributed “as received,” and no formal ACI special publication was published.
In May 2004, CANMET, in association with ACI and several other organizations in the United States, sponsored the Seventh CANMET/ACI Conference on Recent Advances in Concrete Technology in Las Vegas, NV. Seventeen refereed papers from more than 10 countries were presented and distributed at the conference. The proceedings of the conference, consisting of the refereed papers, were published as ACI SP-222. In addition to the refereed papers, 20 additional papers were presented and distributed at the conference.
In May 2006, CANMET, in association with ACI and several other organizations in Canada and the United States, sponsored the Eighth CANMET/ACI Conference on Recent Advances in Concrete Technology in Montreal, QC, Canada. The proceedings of the conference, consisting of 17 refereed papers, were published as ACI SP-235. In addition to the refereed papers, more than 30 additional papers were presented and distributed at the conference.
In May 2007, CANMET, in association with ACI and several other organizations in Canada, Europe, and the United States, sponsored the Ninth CANMET/ACI Conference on Recent Advances in Concrete Technology in Warsaw, Poland. The proceedings of the conference, consisting of 10 refereed papers, were published as ACI SP-243. More than 20 additional papers were presented and distributed at the conference.
In October 2009, ACI, in association with several organizations in Canada, Europe and the United States, sponsored the Tenth ACI Conference on Advances in Concrete Technology in Seville, Spain. The proceedings of the conference, consisting of 20 refereed papers, were published as ACI SP-261. In addition to the refereed papers, more than 20 additional papers were presented at the conference and published in a supplementary papers volume.
In May 2010, the Committee for the Organization of International Conferences (COIC) (formerly CANMET/ACI Conferences), in association with the Chinese Ceramics Society (CCS) and several other organizations in China, sponsored the Eleventh International Conference on Advances in Concrete Technology and Sustainability Issues in Jinan, China. More than 40 papers were presented at the conference. The proceedings of the conference were published by the CCS, Beijing, China.
In October 2012, the COIC, in association with ACI, sponsored the Twelfth International Conference on Advances in Concrete Technology and Sustainability Issues in Prague, Czech Republic. The proceedings of the conference, consisting of more than 30 refereed papers, were published as ACI SP-288. In addition to the refereed papers, more than 40 other papers were presented at the conference and published in a supple¬mentary papers volume.
In July 2015, the COIC, in association with ACI, sponsored the Thirteenth International Conference on Advances in Concrete Technology and Sustainability Issues in Ottawa, ON, Canada. The proceedings of the conference, consisting of 28 refereed papers, were published by ACI as SP-303. In addition to the refereed papers, more than 40 other papers were presented at the conference and published in a supplementary papers volume.
In October 2018, the CCS and the China Academy of Building Research (CABR), Beijing China, in association with the COIC sponsored the Fourteenth International Conference on Recent Advances in Concrete Technology and Sustainable Issues in Beijing, China. The proceedings of the conference, consisting of 19 refereed papers, were published by ACI as SP-330. In addition to the refereed papers, more than 52 other papers were presented at the conference and published in a supplementary papers volume.
In July 2022, after a postponement for the Covid-19 pandemic, the ACI Italy Chapter and the University of Bergamo, Italy, sponsored the Fifteenth International Conference on Recent Advances in Concrete Technology and Sustainable Issues in Milan, Italy. The proceedings of the conference, consisting of 44 refereed papers, were published by ACI as SP-355. In addition to the refereed papers, about 20 other papers were presented at the conference and published in a supplementary papers volume.
The main topics of the papers presented at the conference include: the deterioration of concrete structures; the corrosion of metallic reinforcement; the repair techniques of damaged concrete structures by using shrinkage-compensating cement-based mixtures; the protection of concrete structures by special materials to obtain watertight concrete; the reduction of the damage caused by alkali-silica reaction; the use of mineral additions such as fly ash, silica fume, and ground-granulated blast-furnace slag to improve the durability of concrete structures; and the production of concrete by reducing gas emissions and energy consumption such as the use of binders alternative to portland cement (alkali activated materials, geopolymers, sulphoaluminate cement) and recycling of wastes coming from different sources.
Thanks are extended to the reviewers for the valuable efforts in reviewing all the manuscripts published in the conference proceedings and in the supplementary volume.
The guidance from Dr. V. M. Malhotra and Prof. M. Collepardi, the Honorary Chairpersons of the conference, is sincerely appreciated.
Also, acknowledged is the support the American Concrete Institute for the publication of the proceedings (ACI SP-355).
The Editors
Dr. Denny Coffetti
Prof. Luigi Coppola
Dr. Terence Holland
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In May 1978, the Canada Centre for Mineral and Energy Technology (CANMET), in association with the American Concrete Institute (ACI) sponsored a 3-day conference in Ottawa, ON, Canada, on the use of superplasticizers in concrete. Selected papers from the conference were published as ACI SP-62.
In 1981, CANMET, again in association with ACI, sponsored a second 3-day international conference in Ottawa on the use of the superplasticizers in concrete. Proceedings of the conference were published as ACI SP-68.
The purpose of the third international conference in Ottawa in 1989 was to review the progress made since the meetings in 1978 and 1981, and to bring together representatives of the chemical admixtures, cement, and concrete industries to exchange information and delineate new areas of needed research. The scope of this conference was expanded to include chemical admixtures other than superplasticizers. Proceedings of the conference were published as ACI SP-119.
In October 1994, CANMET in association with ACI and several other organizations sponsored the fourth conference in Montreal, QC, Canada. The objective of this conference was to bring attention to new developments in chemical admixture since the last conference in 1989. The proceedings of the conference were published as ACI SP-148.
In October 1997, the Committee for the Organization of CANMET/ACI International Conference, (ACI Council), in association with ACI and several cement and concrete organizations in Italy, sponsored the fifth conference in Rome, Italy. The conference was aimed at transferring technology in the fast-moving field of chemical admixtures. The proceedings of the conference were published as ACI SP-173.
In October 2000, Committee for the Organization of CANMET/ACI International Conferences, (ACI Council), in association with several organizations in Canada and France, sponsored the sixth conference in Nice, France. More than 50 papers from more than 20 countries were received and reviewed by an ACI review panel, and 37 were accepted for publication in the proceedings of the conference. The proceedings were published as ACI SP-195.
In October 2003, the Committee for the Organization of CANMET/ACI International Conferences (ACI Council) in association with several organizations in Canada and Germany, sponsored the seventh conference in Berlin, Germany. The conference attracted more than 275 delegates and proceedings of the conference consisting of 39 papers, were published as ACI SP-217.
In October 2006, the Committee for the Organization of CANMET/ACI International Conferences, (ACI Council), sponsored the eighth conference in Sorrento, Italy. More than 60 papers from more than 25 countries were received, and peer reviewed by the CANMET/ACI review panel in Budapest, and 36 were accepted for publication as ACI SP-239.
In October 2009, the Committee for the Organization of International Conferences (COIC) (formerly CANMET/ACI International Conferences) sponsored the ninth ACI International Conference in Seville, Spain. More than 50 papers from more than 20 countries were received and peer reviewed, and 35 were accepted for publication in the proceedings of the conference. The proceedings were published as ACI SP-262.
In October 2012, COIC sponsored the Tenth International Conference on Superplasticizers and Other Chemical Admixtures in Concrete in Prague, Czech Republic. More than 70 papers from all over the world were peer reviewed, and 33 were accepted for publication in the proceedings of the conference. The proceedings were published as ACI SP-288.
In July, 2015, the COIC in association with ACI sponsored the Eleventh International Conference on Superplasticizers and Other Chemical Admixtures in concrete in Ottawa, ON, Canada. More than 60 papers from the world over were peer reviewed, and 28 were accepted for publication in the proceedings of the conference. Also, additional papers were presented at the conference that were published in the Supplementary Papers Volume.
In October 2018, the Chinese Ceramic Society and the China Academy of Building Research (CABR), Beijing China, in association with ACI, sponsored the Twelfth International Conference on Superplasticizers and other Chemical Admixtures in Concrete in Beijing China. More than 80 papers from all over the world were received and peer reviewed. A total of 36 refereed papers were accepted for publication in the proceedings of the conference. The proceedings were published by as ACI SP-329. The proceedings were published as ACI SP-302. Also, 54 additional papers were presented at the conference, and were published in the Supplementary Papers Volume.
In July, 2022, after a postponement for the COVID-19 pandemic, the ACI Italy Chapter and the University of Bergamo, Italy, sponsored the Thirteenth International Conference on Superplasticizers and Other Chemical Admixtures in Concrete in Milan, Italy. The proceedings of the conference consisting of 35 refereed papers were published by ACI as SP-354. In addition to the refereed papers, about 20 other papers were presented at the conference, and were published in a supplementary papers volume.
The main topics of the papers presented at the conference are related to superplasticizers, accelerating admixtures, retarding admixtures, air-entraining agents, shrinkage-reducing agents, superabsorbent polymers, and self-healing admixtures, and their influence on the properties of the concrete in fresh and hardened state. These properties include: workability, slump-loss, time of setting, heat of hydration, strength, durability, shrinkage, and creep of the concrete mixtures.
Thanks are extended to the reviewers for the valuable efforts in reviewing all the manuscripts published in the conference proceedings and in the supplementary volume.
The guidance from Dr. V. M. Malhotra and Prof. M. Collepardi, the Honorary Chairpersons of the conference, is sincerely appreciated.
Also, acknowledged is the support of ACI International for the publication of the proceedings (ACI SP-354).
The Editors
Dr. Denny Coffetti
Prof. Luigi Coppola
Dr. Terence Holland
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