Concluding the trilogy on geological materials in construction, this authoritative volume reviews many uses of clays, ranging from simple fills to sophisticated products. Comprehensive and international coverage is achieved by an expert team, including geologists, engineers and architects. Packed with information prepared for a wide readership, this unique handbook is also copiously illustrated. The volume is dedicated to the memory of Professor Sir Alec Skempton. Various definitions of 'clay' are explored. Clay mineralogy is described, plus the geological formation of clay deposits and their fundamental materials properties. World and British clay deposits are reviewed and explained. New compositional data are provided for clay formations throughout the stratigraphic column. Investigative techniques and interpretation are considered, ranging from site exploration to laboratory assessment of composition and engineering performance. Major civil engineering applications are addressed, including earthworks, earthmoving and specialized roles utilizing clays. Traditional earthen building is included and shown to dominate construction in places. Clay-based construction materials are detailed, including bricks, ceramics and cements. The volume also includes a comprehensive glossary.

In a major engineering project, a systematic exploration and investigation of a new site might be carried out and reported on by a consultant specialising in geology, geophysics or engineering (with a detailed knowledge of soil and rock mechanics). However, even when the services of a specialist consultant are employed, an engineer will still have overall supervision and responsibility for the project.
Therefore, the engineer must have enough understanding of geology to know how and when to use the expert knowledge of consultants, and to be able to read theiir reports intellegently, judge their reliability, and appreciate how the conditions described might effect the project.

ACCESSIBLE AND USABLE BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES
ICC/ANSI A117.1-1998
By: International Code Council, ICC
Year: 1998



This standard make sites, facilities, buildings and elements accessible to and usable by people with such physical disabilities as the inability to walk, difficulty walking, reliance on walking aids, blindness and visual impairment, deafness and hearing impairment, incoordination, reaching and manipulation disabilities, lack of stamina, difficulty interpreting and reacting to sensory information, and extremes of physical size. The intent of the standard is to allow a person with a physical disability to independently get to, enter, and use a site, facility, building, or element.

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NEPAL NATIONAL BUILDING CODE (seismic design of buildings in Nepal)
NBC 105:1994

This standard provides minimum requirements for the seismic design of structures which are within the scope of this standard.



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