The environment can be defined as the surroundings in which we live. These surroundings
may be living (biotic) or non living (abiotic). There is a dynamic equilibrium between biotic
and abiotic environment. We are influenced in our day to day activities by the environment.
We in turn affect the environment by our activities, by consuming its natural resources
and producing pollution. Pollution is the mixing of undesirable elements in any of the
natural resources. For example when we mix the human excreta with water and produce
sewage and dispose it in the river we pollute the river. There are many indices of designating
and measuring this pollution like Biochemical Oxygen Demand, etc. Now this pollution
degrades the quality of water. Water, fit for drinking is the second most important
requirement (first is the air) for human beings. It must have some useful ingredients and
must not have the pollutants.
Actually Environmental Engineering is a very broad subject, but its basic knowledge is
compulsory for every engineer. Some of the knowledge can be obtained by doing some
simple experiments to judge the quality of water and wastewater and that is why the
laboratory analysis of Environmental Engineering has been recommended for the first year
students of all branches in Engineering in the esteem Technical University of Rajasthan.
This manual covers the syllabus of Rajasthan Technical University.
This laboratory Manual has been designed to cater the fundamental knowledge of a
part of environmental engineering i.e. water and waste water. To understand the significance
of the experiment some theory has been included before the experiment. Then the comments
give the overall aspect and in the end the student has to critically comment on the results
of the experiment that why this result is there and what is the meaning of it. This is the
most important part of the experiment and the evaluator must evaluate the work in light of
this.
The requirement of the apparatus and the reagents etc. and how to make them in the
laboratory, simplifies the work of the institution.
The students are advised to prepare the solutions by themselves afresh to have the
complete knowledge and good results.
Though there are so many tests for examination of water and wastewater actually Total
dissolved solids, Chlorides, Fluorides and Nitrates are the main chemical examinations
for acceptance or rejection of a water source as source of supply for a community. As
disinfection is a must, so microbiological examination is done after the treatment of water
to be supplied. The microbiological examination is difficult, time taking and beyond the
scope of this primary level of First year B.Tech. students. However the test of residual
chlorine makes it possible indirectly. If there is required amount of residual chlorine then
it is assumed that there are no bacteria. Determination of sulfate is necessary to find whether
the water is fit for construction (concrete) purpose or not.
The dissolved oxygen in sewage directly leads to the determination of BOD of sewage.
The determination of dissolved and settelebale solids gives idea about the design of grit
chamber and the offensiveness of the sewage.
So the manual on Environmental Engineering Laboratory provides a sufficient basic
tool for the examination of water and wastewater for first year students of every branch of
B.Tech /B.E degree and any body engaged in this profession
It has been taken into consideration that the method of measurements is simple as they
are meant for preliminary examination of water and waste water at a primary level.
Rakesh Chandra Gaur
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4th International Conference on the use of Geofoam Blocks in Construction Applications
Author: Various | Size: 218 MB | Format:PDF | Publisher: The Norwegian Public Roads Administration and Tekna | Year: 2011
The Norwegian Public Roads Administration organized the fourth international conference on the use of Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) as a lightweight fill material in Civil Engineering practice. The Conference was held on June 6th - 8th 2011 at Lillestrøm, Norway.
Previous conferences have been arranged in Oslo, Norway 1985, Tokyo, Japan 1996 and Salt Lake City, USA 2001.
Conference aim
Geofoam blocks as a lightweight fill material
Since 1972 blocks of Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) have been used as a lightweight fill material for road construction purposes in Norway. Later a variety of applications have been added for Civil Engineering purposes in general, and there is a marked increase in the use of such applications on a global scale. Research activities are carried out in several countries for further enhancement of material knowledge and application methods.
The aim of the conference wass to gather both users and non-users of Geofoam blocks in order to exchange knowledge about the method through presentation of research results, new applications and case histories.
Conference Themes
-Present use of Geofoam:
Reports by members of the International
Organizing Committee on known applications,
type of projects and volumes
-Expanded Polystyrene:
Chemical composition and production process
Index properties
Product control
Durability
-Material properties and modelling:
Model studies
Dynamic properties
Fatigue
-Design specifications:
International standards
National specifications
Seismic design
-Construction applications:
Roads, Railroads and Airports
Buildings and Industrial plants
Landscaping
Settlement mitigation
Load reduction on buried culverts
Failures
-New concepts and special topics:
Innovative use of Geofoam blocks
Avalanche protection
Disaster prevention - climate change
Re-use/recycling of Geofoam blocks
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In recent years the importance of failure of non-structural building components during earthquake has generated considerable concern. Experience is well documented of cases where the building structure has survived an earthquake with no damage but the facility is rendered unusable due to extensive non-structural damage. Risk to life safety of the occupants of the building from failure of the non-structural components can be considerable even when the building structure has performed well. The cost of non- structural damage is also far greater than previously expected. These costs include loss of function and disruption costs as well as the costs for repair or replacement of damaged components and articles. Also the extent of non-structural damage to buildings in low seismic zones can be considerably greater than structural damage costs. Many buildings throughout Canada were constructed before a full understanding of these risks existed and methods to reduce such risks were well understood. The Guideline was prepared to help engineers and architects evaluate non-structural building components for seismic hazards and to recommend upgrading when such hazards exist. The Guideline may also be used by building owners to help identify non-structural building components which may be potentially hazardous, but specific recommendations for seismic upgrading should be provided by a qualified engineer or architect.
This guideline addresses the risk due to failure of non-structural components during earthquake. The present publication restricts itself to normal office buildings and libraries and does not include sensitive equipment or critical operations.
This document may be applied to existing buildings, including renovations of existing buildings. In the case of building contents, it may also be applied to new buildings. It should not, however, be applied to verify compliance of architectural building components in new buildings with the building code.
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A state-of-the-art review of scientific knowledge on the environmental risk of ocean discharge of produced water and advances in mitigation technologies. In offshore oil and gas operations, produced water (the water produced with oil or gas from a well) accounts for the largest waste stream (in terms of volume discharged). Its discharge is continuous during oil and gas production and typically increases in volume over the lifetime of an offshore production platform. Produced water discharge as waste into the ocean has become an environmental concern because of its potential contaminant content. Environmental risk assessments of ocean discharge of produced water have yielded different results. For example, several laboratory and field studies have shown that significant acute toxic effects cannot be detected beyond the "point of discharge" due to rapid dilution in the receiving waters. However, there is some preliminary evidence of chronic sub-lethal impacts in biota associated with the discharge of produced water from oil and gas fields within the North Sea. As the composition and concentration of potential produced water contaminants may vary from one geologic formation to another, this conference also highlights the results of recent studies in Atlantic Canada.
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Product Description: Water is an increasingly critical issue at the forefront of global policy change, management and planning. There are growing concerns about water as a renewable resource, its availability for a wide range of users, aquatic ecosystem health, and global issues relating to climate change, water security, water trading and water ethics. This handbook provides the most comprehensive reference ever published on water resource issues. It brings together multiple disciplines to understand and help resolve problems of water quality and scarcity from a global perspective. Its case studies and 'foundation' chapters will be greatly valued by students, researchers and professionals involved in water resources, hydrology, governance and public policy, law, economics, geography and environmental studies.
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Under the best of circumstances, preparing an environmental impact assessment (EIA) can be a complex and challenging task. Experience indicates that the scope and quality of such analyses varies widely throughout the U.S. as well as internationally. Written to help practitioners and decision-makers apply best professional practices in the development of EIAs, Environmental Impact Assessment: A Guide to Best Professional Practices provides an in depth, yet practical direction for developing a defensible analysis that meets best professional practices.
The book describes preparation of five distinct types of assessments:
* Cumulative Impact Assessment (CIA)
* Preparing Greenhouse Emission Assessments
* Preparing Risk Assessments and Accident Analyses
* Social Impact Assessment (SIA) and Environmental Justice
* The International Environmental Impact Assessment Process Guiding Principles
To date, there is significant variation and disagreement about how such analyses should be prepared. The author introduces best professional practices (BPP) for preparing such EIAs that is intended to meet decision-making and regulatory expectations. He supplies a comprehensive and balanced skill set of tools, techniques, concepts, principles, and practices for preparing these assessments. He also includes directions for developing a comprehensive Environmental Management Systems which can be used to monitor and implement final decisions for such analyses. While the book references the U.S. National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), most of this guidance is generally applicable to any international EIA process consistent with NEPA.
With thorough coverage of all aspects of assessments, the book presents a theoretical introduction to the subject as well as practical guidance. It delivers state-of-the-art tools, techniques, and approaches for resolving EIA problems.
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