Beaches in Japan have been eroding since the 1970s as a result of the artificial land alterations. Approximately 3000 fishing ports and 1000 commercial ports have been built nationwide, as well as 2532 large dams being constructed in the upstream basins of large rivers. Due to the port and dam developments, fluvial sand supply has significantly reduced resulting in shoreline recession around the river mouths. Continuous sand supply along the coastline has also been obstructed by the port breakwaters. The formation of wave shelter zone by the port breakwaters induce longshore sand transport, thereby leading to an accretion of large amount of sand in the wave shelter zone and erosion in the surrounding area. Thus, almost all causes of the beach erosion in Japan are due to anthropogenic factors. The exact situation of the beach erosion has never been clear in literatures that are written in Japanese, or in English. Coastal engineers can and should learn from these results, otherwise the same situation and problems, which were induced by excessive coastal development without protection measures and due attention given to nearby coasts, will recur throughout the world.
Textbooks on coastal engineering, that were already published, describe only the theoretical fundamentals of the subject, but lack the practical perspectives and field studies. The book examines many coastal areas as examples, highlighting the various erosion factors which should be avoided elsewhere globally. This book was first published in Japanese in 2004, and was translated into English by the present author.
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This book unifies and enhances the accessibility of contemporary scholarly research on advances in coastal modeling. A comprehensive spectrum of innovative models addresses the wide diversity and multifaceted aspects of coastal research on the complex natural processes, dynamics, interactions and responses of the coastal supersystem and its associated subsystems.
The twenty-one chapters, contributed by internationally recognized coastal experts from fourteen countries, provide invaluable insights on the recent advances and present state-of-the-art knowledge on coastal models which are essential for not only illuminating the governing coastal process and various characteristics, but also for understanding and predicting the dynamics at work in the coastal system.
One of the unique strengths of the book is the impressive and encompassing presentation of current functional and operational coastal models for all those concerned with and interested in the modeling of seas, oceans and coasts. In addition to chapters modeling the dynamic natural processes of waves, currents, circulatory flows and sediment transport there are also chapters that focus on the modeling of beaches, shorelines, tidal basins and shore platforms.
The substantial scope of the book is further strengthened with chapters concentrating on the effects of coastal structures on nearshore flows, coastal water quality, coastal pollution, coastal ecological modeling, statistical data modeling, and coupling of coastal models with geographical information systems.
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Author: James M. Hill, A.P.S. Selvadurai | Size: 2.78 MB | Format:PDF | Quality:Unspecified | Publisher: Springer | Year: 2005 | pages: 320 | ISBN: 1402037813
Granular or particulate materials arise in almost every aspect of our lives, including many familiar materials such as tea, coffee, sugar, sand, cement and powders. At some stage almost every industrial process involves a particulate material, and it is usually the cause of the disruption to the smooth running of the process. In the natural environment, understanding the behaviour of particulate materials is vital in many geophysical processes such as earthquakes, landslides and avalanches. This book is a collection of current research from some of the major contributors in the topic of modelling the behaviour of granular materials. Papers from every area of current activity are included, such as theoretical, numerical, engineering and computational approaches. This book illustrates the numerous diverse approaches to one of the outstanding problems of modern continuum mechanics.
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Wind Tunnels: Aerodynamics, Models and Experiments
Author: Justin D. Pereira, | Size: 7.37 MB | Format:PDF | Quality:Unspecified | Publisher: Nova Science Publishers, Inc. | Year: 2011 | pages: 240 | ISBN: 9781619423299
This book presents current research in the study of wind tunnels, including the design, execution and numerical rebuilding of a plasma wind tunnel with the aim to analyse shock wave boundary layer interaction phenomena; the Mainz vertical wind tunnel facility experimenting on cloud physics and chemistry; an air-conditioned wind tunnel environment for the study of mass and heat flux; using wind tunnel studies to evaluate the drag coefficient of the tree crown and Pre-X aerodynamic/aerothermal characterisation through computational fluid dynamics and wind tunnels.
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Adequate bond between prestressing strand and concrete is essential for adequate structural performance and reliability of concrete members. Bond quality affects transfer and development lengths of prestressed members. If the bond between the strand and concrete is not enough, the transfer and development length of the member may exceed the code requirement. Hence non ductile failure occurs due to inadequate shear reinforcement provision. Researchers found the current code equations governing the bond of strand have been shown to be inaccurate. Hence bond test is needed that will help to determine the effects on bond of variations in concrete properties or constituent materials. The Prestress Concrete Institute (PCI) financed projects that investigated strands manufactured by various manufacturers using various test methods. Research conducted by Cousin,
Johnson and Zia indicates that the ACI code equations for bond might be inadequate and more research is needed to fully understand the bond mechanics between concrete and
prestressing strand. According to Mote (2001), concrete strength would affect bond of prestessing strand.
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The trends for analysis and design of steel frames are indicated in this dissertation. The current practice consists of applying the first-order elastic analysis with amplification factors or second-order elastic analysis in combination with the AISC-LRFD interaction ·
equations. Determination of the effective length factors and individual member capacity checks are necessary to select adequate structural member sizes. The direct analysis method is a second-order elastic analysis approach that eliminates the determination of effective length factors from the current AISC-LRFD method. Unsupported member length is used to calculate the axial strength of a member. Equivalent notional loads
and/or modified stiffuess are applied together with the external loads to account for the effects of initial out-of-plumbness and inelastic softening. For both AISC-LRFD and direct analysis methods, a structure is analyzed as a whole, but the axial and flexural strength of each member is examined individually. Inelastic redistribution of internal forces in the structural system cannot be considered. As a result, determined member forces are not correct and more conservative member sizes will be obtained. Moreover, member-based approaches cannot predict structural behaviors such as failure mode and overstength factor.
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ANALYSIS OF RADIO COMMUNICATION TOWERS SUBJECTED TO WIND, ICE AND SEISMIC LOADINGS
Author: ERIC JAMES SULLINS | Size: 2.69 MB | Format:PDF | Quality:Unspecified | Publisher: ERIC JAMES SULLINS | Year: 2006 | pages: 117
The Missouri Department of Transportation radio communication tower network is currently out of date with respect to current tower building codes. The network was created in the 1950s and 1906s as part of the U.S. military civil defense system. The network was designed using the TIA-222-C (1976) or earlier. Today the current code in practice is the TIA-222-F (1996) code. There is a need to assess the condition of the towers in the network and also to determine if they are up to date with current code. A condition indexing (CI) system is a reliable way to assess this problem. However, an analytical method of determining the input parameters for the CI needs to be determined.
Therefore the objective of this research is to develop a systematic evaluation and assessment method that could provide the necessary information for the repair and maintenance of the tower network.
Two towers were selected for this project to act as model towers. One tower is guyed, the Taum Sauk tower, and the other is freestanding, Kansas City tower. Both towers are analyzed using the TIA-222-F for wind and ice loadings. The Taum Sauk tower is then analyzed for seismic loading. Also a parametric study to determine the effects of deterioration of tower components on the tower as a whole is completed on the Taum Sauk tower.
The controlling components of the Kansas city tower were found to be the diagonal bracings. The critical bracings were found to be at 88.9% of their maximum capacity. The maximum capacities of the other components of the tower were found not
to exceed 51.1% capacity. Therefore, the tower passes for the current code.
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Computation of Wind Flow around a Tall Building and the Large--Scale Vortex Structure
Author: CHARLES C. S. SONG, JIANMING HE | Size: 648 KB | Format:PDF | Quality:Unspecified | Publisher: CHARLES C. S. SONG, JIANMING HE | Year: 1993 | pages: 10
A numerical study of three-dimensional wind flow around a tall building is presented in this paper. The solution is obtained by solving weakly compressible flow equations, along with Smagorinsky's subgrid-scale turbulent model. The numerical
scheme is based on MacCormack's predictor-corrector explicit finite volume method. First, the numerical model was verified by testing a shear flow around surface--mounted cube, then a detailed study was carried out for a shear flow around a taller building model (width:length:height = 1:0.889:4.667). The main task of this paper is to explore the large-scale vortex structure and the unsteady behavior of flow around a tall building, which are still not well understood.
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STRUCTURAL DAMAGE ASSESSMENT OF BUILDING STRUCTURES USING DYNAMIC EXPERIMENTAL DATA
Author: HEUNG-SIK KIM AND YOUNG-SOO CHUN | Size: 163 KB | Format:PDF | Quality:Unspecified | Publisher: HEUNG-SIK KIM AND YOUNG-SOO CHUN | Year: 2004 | pages: 8
Detection of damage to structures has recently received considerable attention from the viewpoint of maintenance
and safety assessment. In this respect, the vibration characteristics of buildings have been applied consistently to
obtain a damage index of the whole building, but it has not been established as a practical method until now. It
is reasoned that this is perhaps due to restrictions on the experiment, use of improper method, and lack of inspection
opportunity for the structures. In addition, in the case of large-scale structures such as buildings, many variables
to be considered for the analysis contribute to a large number of degrees of freedom, and this can also be
a considerable problem for the analysis. A practical method for the detection of structural damage using the first
natural frequency and mode shape of building is proposed in this paper. The effectiveness of the proposed method
is verified by numerical analysis and experimental tests. From the results, it is observed that the severity and location
of the damage can be estimated with a relatively small error by using modal properties of building.
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