I dont know how many amongst you all are aware of Cricket game and muddy or grassy pitches also called turfs but surprisingly each pitch(turf) as unique charachterstics and even some of the stadiums are known for the type of their turfs i.e turfs in subcontinent are mostly slow and not so much advantageous for fast bowlers where as pitches in Australia are known to be fast and bouncy thus making it advantageous for fast bowlers....
My concern being an engineer are :
1. What kind of engineering they use to make so variety of pitches?
2. If it is soil engineering, then is it more like soil engineering used in foundations of buildings/civil infrastructure or like soil sciences used in agriculture?
3. Is there any civil engineering organisation issuing any specification for construction of such turfs?
Your participation in this discussion is highly appreciated...
The main purpose of this study is to analyze the seismic response of a reinforced concrete structure which suffered damage in the South Iceland earthquakes in June 2000.
Two different methods are used to analyse the structure. First, a 3D linear elastic response spectrum analysis (RSA) is carried out in a finite element program, using response spectra within the European seismic design code (EC8). The response spectrum analysis is followed with a pushover analysis of one of the walls which suffered the most severe damage. A new finite element model is constructed where the nonlinear properties of the reinforced concrete are implemented. The pushover analysis is combined to the response spectra approach through the comprehensive N2 method, which is a novelty in EC8. Results of the pushover analysis are used to estimate the performance of the structure under the design earthquake load. Deformation of the structure, stress strain and evaluation of cracks in the reinforced concrete are reviewed. Damage obtained in the analysis and the actual reported damages are then compared. Finally, the effect of strengthening is estimated.
The study showed that despite serious damage, the structural wall is able to withstand the earthquake design load. However, the structure does by no means meet the design code requirements. Observed damage was fairly consistent with that actually reported, but according to the analysis the N2 procedure tends to be conservative. As shown in the study, the pushover analysis based on the N2 method is a desirable procedure in order to evaluate the seismic resistance of existing structures, especially if there is doubt that response spectrum analysis provides sufficient information.
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Approximate incremental dynamic analysis using the modal pushover analysis procedure
Author: Sang Whan Han,‡ and Anil K. Chopra, | Size: 0.34 MB | Format:PDF | Quality:Unspecified | Publisher: EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING AND STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS Earthquake Engng Struct. Dyn. 2006; 35:1853–1873 Published online 2 August 2006 in Wiley InterScience | Year: 2006 | pages: 21 | ISBN: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Incremental dynamic analysis (IDA)—a procedure developed for accurate estimation of seismic demand
and capacity of structures—requires non-linear response history analysis of the structure for an ensemble
of ground motions, each scaled to many intensity levels, selected to cover the entire range of structural
response—all the way from elastic behaviour to global dynamic instability. Recognizing that IDA of
practical structures is computationally extremely demanding, an approximate procedure based on the modal
pushover analysis procedure is developed. Presented are the IDA curves and limit state capacities for the
SAC-Los Angeles 3-, 9-, and 20-storey buildings computed by the exact and approximate procedures for
an ensemble of 20 ground motions. These results demonstrate that the MPA-based approximate procedure
reduces the computational effort by a factor of 30 (for the 9-storey building), at the same time providing
results to a useful degree of accuracy over the entire range of responses—all the way from elastic behaviour
to global dynamic instability—provided a proper hysteretic model is selected for modal SDF systems. The
accuracy of the approximate procedure does not deteriorate for 9- and 20-storey buildings, although their
dynamics is more complex, involving several ‘modes’ of vibration. For all three buildings, the accuracy
of the MPA-based approximate procedure is also satisfactory for estimating the structural capacities for
the limit states of immediate occupancy, collapse prevention, and global dynamic instability.
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METHOD OF MODAL COMBINATIONS FOR PUSHOVER ANALYSIS OF BUILDINGS
Author: Erol KALKAN and Sashi K. KUNNATH | Size: 0.37 MB | Format:PDF | Quality:Unspecified | Publisher: 13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering Vancouver, B.C., Canada | Year: 2004 | pages: 15
Nonlinear static procedures (NSP) are finding widespread use in performance based seismic design since
it provides practitioners a relatively simple approach to estimate inelastic structural response measures.
However, conventional NSPs using lateral load patterns recommended in FEMA-356 do not adequately
represent the effects of varying dynamic characteristics during the inelastic response or the influence of
higher modes. To overcome these drawbacks, some improved procedures have recently been proposed by
several researchers. A method of modal combinations (MMC) that implicitly accounts for higher mode
effects is investigated in this paper. MMC is based on invariant force distributions formed from the
factored combination of independent modal contributions. The validity of the procedure is validated by
comparing response quantities such as inter-story drift and member ductility demands using other
pushover methods and also the results of nonlinear time history analyses. The validation studies are based
on evaluation of three existing steel moment frame buildings: two of these structures were instrumented
during the Northridge earthquake thereby providing realistic support motions for the time-history
predictions. Findings from the investigation indicate that the method of modal combinations provides a
basis for estimating the potential contributions of higher modes when determining inter-story drift
demands and local component demands in multistory frame buildings subjected to seismic loads.
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Article/eBook Full Name: EN 12385 - Steel wire ropes
Author(s): CEN
Published By: CEN
PS: I found all 10 documents here, but I can't DL them.
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WinRAR is a powerful archive manager. RAR files can usually compress content by 8 percent to 15 percent more than ZIP files can. WinRAR is a powerful compression tool with many integrated additional functions to help you organize your compressed archives. It can backup your data and reduce size of email attachments, decompress RAR, ZIP and other files downloaded from Internet and create new archives in RAR and ZIP file format.
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Recovery record and recovery volumes allow to reconstruct even physically damaged archives.
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ISBN: 9780727741509
Format: Hardbound
Publish Date: 05/10/2011
Publisher: ICE Publishing
Page Size: 234x156
Number of Pages: 496
Bridge Design to Eurocodes: UK Implementation
Description
As of April 2010, Eurocodes replaced British Standards as the principal design standards for bridges in the UK. In support of the transition the Bridge Design to Eurocodes: UK Implementation conference held at the Institution of Civil Engineers in November 2010 brought important background and explanatory information into the public domain. The proceedings of this conference provide an enduring record of the UK’s Eurocodes implementation for bridge design, with papers written by invited experts who have been at the very heart of Eurocode developments in the UK. Readers are provided with the key technical decisions taken in the development of the National Annexes, as well as important sources of complementary information and practical advice on applying the codes.
Providing definitive, essential and practical information on the implementation of the Eurocodes for bridge design in the UK, this book is essential reading for bridge owners, managers, designers, consultants, contractors, local or central government engineers, academics, and software developers, that is anyone interested or involved in the design, build, maintenance or ownership of bridges.
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