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Traditional concrete designs for office building have been associated with either beam and slab or flat slab floors, typically with 6 to 7.5 m spans. Occasionally, longer-span floors have been designed using ribbed or waffle construction. In recent times, changes in the requirements of end-users and in developers’ specifications have led to more open-plan offices and larger floors. This has increased spans from 6 to 9 m, even to 15 m and more.
To verify the competitiveness of concrete long-span floors, a survey has been conducted of concrete-framed office buildings, the majority constructed in recent years. Forty buildings of in situ, precast and composite construction with long spans have been surveyed. In each category, examples were found of floors designed in reinforced and prestressed concrete to carry similar office
floor loadings.
For in situ structures, solid flat slabs and ribbed slab designs were common, with spans varying from 6 to 15 m. A number of precast structures with long spans, some over 20 m, are reported, with composite in situ slabs acting with precast ribs or other precast members.
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Published By:
PLUMBING-HEATING-COOLING-CONTRACTORS-NATIONAL ASSOCIATION
Title: -
National Standard Plumbing Code Illustrated 2006
Scope: -
The development of a recommended code of plumbing practice, design, and installation, including the establishment of performance criteria predicated on the need for protection of health and safety through proper design, installation, and maintenance of plumbing systems. This scope excludes the development of specific standards related to the composition, dimensions, and/or mechanical and physical properties of materials, fixtures, devices, and equipment used or installed in plumbing systems.
Purpose:
To provide practices and performance criteria for theprotection ofhealth and safety through proper design of plumbing systems.
Exceptions:
In case ofpractical difficulty, unnecessary hardship orncw developments, exceptions to the literal requirements may be granted by the authority having jurisdiction to permit the use of other devices or methods, but only when it is clearly evident that equivalent protection is thereby secured.
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This publication is based on design to Eurocode 2 and updates the original pre-scheme sizing
handbook Economic Concrete Frame Elements which was based on BS 8110 and published in 1997.
Eurocode 2 brings economies over BS 8110 in some areas – up to 10% has been reported. While
sizes of frame elements to BS 8110 would generally be safe, they would be sometimes unduly
conservative and uneconomic in increasingly competitive markets. In addition, current British
Standards for structural design are due to be withdrawn by 2010, with BS 8110 Structural use
of concrete being made obsolete in 2008. Thus this new edition of Economic concrete frame
elements has been produced by The Concrete Centre.
The new charts and data have been derived from design spreadsheets that carry out design
to Eurocode 2 and, as appropriate, other Eurocodes, European and British Standards. The
methodology behind the charts and data is fully explained and is, essentially, the same as that
used for the previous version of this publication. However, the following should be noted:
• For continuous members, sizes are derived from analysis which, in the case of in-situ beams,
includes the frame action of small columns.
• A new method for determining the sizes of perimeter columns is introduced. This takes
account of both axial load and moment.
• Generally, in line with BS EN 1990 and its National Annex, loading is based on 1.25Gk +
1.5Qk for residential and offi ce areas and 1.35Gk + 1.5Qk for storage areas.
• Much of the economy over the charts and data for BS 8110 comes from the treatment of
loads and defl ection by the Eurocodes – please refer to Defl ection in Section 7.1.2.
• Ribbed slabs are an exception. Compared with BS 8110 greater depths are required.
Readers are advised to be conservative with their choices until such time as they become familiar
with this publication and the workings of Eurocode 2.
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Duplicate a copy of your dongle! Working on Sentinel e.g. CSI, MIDAS, RAM etc... have personally succeeded on CSI Perform & RAM Concept
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Construction Equipment Management for Engineers, Estimators, and Owners
info:
Construction Equipment Management for Engineers, Estimators, and Owners
By Douglas Gransberg, Calin M. Popescu, Richard Ryan
Publisher: CRC
Number Of Pages: 568
Publication Date: 2006-06-13
ISBN-10 / ASIN: 0849340373
ISBN-13 / EAN: 9780849340376
Based on the authors’ combined experience of seventy years working on projects around the globe, Construction Equipment Management for Engineers, Estimators, and Owners contains hands-on, how-to information that you can put to immediate use. Taking an approach that combines analytical and practical results, this is a valuable reference for a wide range of individuals and organizations within the architecture, engineering, and construction industry. The authors delineate the evolution of construction equipment, setting the stage for specific, up-to-date information on the state-of-the-art in the field. They cover estimating equipment ownership, operating cost, and how to determine economic life and replacement policy as well as how to schedule a production-driven, equipment-intensive project that achieves target production rates and meets target equipment-related unit costs and profits. The book includes a matrix for the selection of equipment and identifies common pitfalls of project equipment selection and how to avoid them. It describes how to develop an OSHA job safety analysis for an equipment-intensive project, making this sometimes onerous but always essential task easier. The authors’ diverse and broad experience makes this a book that ranges from the rigorous mathematical analysis of equipment operations to the pragmatic discussion of the equipment maintenance programs needed to guarantee that the production predicted in a cost estimate occurs.
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High-Rise Security and Fire Life Safety
Geoff Craighead
Butterworth-Heinemann
English
2009-05-01
ISBN: 1856175553
664 pages
PDF 6 MB
High-Rise Security and Fire Life Safety, Third Edition, is a comprehensive reference for managing security and fire life safety operations within high-rise buildings. It spells out the unique characteristics of skyscrapers from a security and fire life safety perspective, details the type of security and life safety systems commonly found in them, outlines how to conduct risk assessments, and explains security policies and procedures designed to protect life and property. Craighead also provides guidelines for managing security and life safety functions, including the development of response plans for building emergencies. This latest edition clearly separates out the different types of skyscrapers, from office buildings to hotels to condominiums to mixed-use buildings, and explains how different patterns of use and types of tenancy impact building security and life safety.
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Engineering rock mechanics. An introduction to the principles
Authors: John A. Hudson, John P. Harrison,
Elsevier Science
Publication Year: 2000
ISBN: 0080438644
456 pages
PDF 7.48 MB
Engineering rock mechanics is the discipline used to design structures built of rock. These structures encompass foundations, dams, slopes, shafts, tunnels, caverns, hydroelectric schemes, mines, radioactive waste repositories and geothermal energy projects: in short, any structure built on or in a rock mass. Despite the variety of projects that use rock engineering, the principles remain the same. Engineering Rock Mechanics clearly and systematically explains the basic principles, how to study the interactions between these principles and discusses the fundamentals of excavation and support and the application of the principles to the design of surface and underground structures.
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