Topographical surveying: including: Topographical surveying

The object of Topography is to determine the relative positions of points of the earth's surface, that can be referred without error to a tangent plane, and therefore independent of the sphericity of the globe. The operations of a topographical survey, consequently, are two namely, to first project a system of points upon such a tangent plane ; and, secondly, to find the distances of the same above or below the plane; or, in other words, to measure the lengths of the projecting normals. The first process is ordinary surveying; the second, levehng.The results of a topographical survey are laid down in a so-called topograpliical map, which is a representation or complete image of the ground on a reduced scale.

Topographical maps are of the greatest convenience in locating railroads or other roads, in planning irrigation works, draining Avorks, in mining enterprises, in military operations, &c., &c. In a topographical map the configuration of the ground is reduced to an image, which represents to the eye a large area at one glance,which in nature could not be view edbut by many separate inspections ; therefore, the judgment about the relation of the different parts of the work will be a clearer and more intelligent one. This refers especially to mining work, where very frequently the problem occurs, to strike a vein with a tunnel in a certain level. In this problem a correct topographical map will often save the mining company several hundred feet of tunnel work, or, in other words, thousands of dollars.

Air Pollution

Although the climate of the Earth is continually changing from the very beginning, anthropogenic effects, the pollution of the air by combustion and industrial activities make it change so quickly that the adaptation is very difficult for all living organisms. Researcher's role is to make this adaptation easier, to prepare humankind to the new circumstances and challenges, to trace and predict the effects and, if possible, even decrease the harmfulness of these changes. In this book we provide an interdisciplinary collection of new studies and findings on the score of air pollution.

Applied Building Physics , Boundary Conditions,Building Performance and Material Properties

TP.DL 12.01
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PLANE AND SPHERICAL TRIGONOMETRY AND SURVEYING

This edition is intended for teachers, and for them only. The publishers will under no circumstances sell the book except to teachers of Wentworth's Trigonometry ; and every teacher must consider himself in honor bound not to leave his copy where pupils can have access to it, and not to sell his copy except to the publishers, Messrs. Ginn & Company.

It is hoped that young teachers will derive great advantage from studying the systematic arrangement of the work, and that all teachers who are pressed for time will find great relief by not being obliged to work out every problem in the Trigonometry and Surveying.

The Seismicity of Indiana: And its Relationship to Civil Engineering Structures - Phase B

The attached Interim Report on the special research project sponsored by the Indiana State Highway Commission and the Administrative Building Council and titled "The Seismicity of Indiana and Its Relationship to Civil Engineering Structures - Phase B" is submitted as partial fulfillment of the objectives of the Study. Specifically the Report fulfills the requirements of Tasks 1 through 5 of the approved work plan for the Study.

The principal investigator, William D. Kovacs, has experienced time and personnel difficulties in conducting the research. He is also on leave of absence during the present year and until the Fall of 1978. A major investigator, Mr. William J. Murphy, returned to engineering practice before the Study was complete but continued to prepare a report of his work on this study while at Purdue. He and Professor Kovacs are the authors of the attached.

A MANUAL OF UNDERGROUND SURVEYING

Surveying is the art of making measurements which determine the relative position of two or more points. Mine surveying is the art of surveying underground openings, i. e., finding the relative positions of points under the surface, or the position of points underground relative to points upon the surface. The angles and distances measured are usually drawn to scale upon various planes and mine maps thus produced.

In mine surveying there are but few operations different from those of plane surveying. The application of the same principles to the different conditions, along with a greater degree of accuracy, insures success underground.

T. A. 'Donahue, in 'Colliery Surveying,' says: 'Surveying is the art of taking such measurements and observations of an object as will enable a true proportionate representation to be drawn on a plane surface. The principles upon which it depends are all embodied in the science of geometry; so that surveying may be said to be a practical application of geometry.'

Johnson, in his 'Theory and Practice of Surveying,' p. 431, says: 'Surveying is an art, not an exact science.' This should be kept constantly in mind, and in every case that method which promises the minimum deviation from the scientifically correct result should be employed.

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