Spawned by growing interest in ultrasonic technology and new developments in ultrasonic melt processing, the Second Edition of Ultrasonic Treatment of Light Alloy Melts discusses use of ultrasonic melt treatment in direct-chill casting, shape casting, rapid solidification, zone refining, and more, exploring the effects of power ultrasound on melt degassing, filtration, and refinement in aluminum and magnesium alloys.
The fully revised and restructured Second Edition:
• Contains new, in-depth coverage of composite and nanocomposite materials
• Provides a historical review of the last century of ultrasonic applications to metallurgy
• Emphasizes the fundamentals, mechanisms, and applications of ultrasonic melt processing in different light-metal technologies
• Features new chapters on ultrasonic grain refinement, refinement of primary solid phases, and semi-solid processing of billets with nondendritic structure
• Includes significant updates reflecting results obtained over the past two decades on different scales, from laboratory to full-scale industrial implementations
Complete with many new figures and examples, Ultrasonic Treatment of Light Alloy Melts, Second Edition delivers a comprehensive treatise on ultrasonic melt processing and cavitation, presenting essential guidelines for practical use and further development of the technology.
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As concern grows over environmental issues and light pollution, this book satisfies a need for a straightforward and accessible guide to the use, design and installation of outdoor lighting.
This all-inclusive guide to exterior lighting from the Institution of Lighting Engineers, recognized as the pre-eminent professional source in the UK for authoritative guidance on exterior lighting, provides a comprehensive source of information and advice on all forms of exterior lighting, from floodlighting, buildings and road lighting to elaborate Christmas decorations. Useful to practitioners and non-experts alike, specialists will value the dependable detail on standards and related design, installation and maintenance problems, whilst general professionals can find extensive practical guidance on safety issues, the lighting of hazardous areas and avoiding potential difficulties.
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The aim of the book is the presentation of the fundamental mathematical and physical concepts of continuum mechanics of solids in a unified description so as to bring young researchers rapidly close to their research area. Accordingly, emphasis is given to concepts of permanent interest, and details of minor importance are omitted. The formulation is achieved systematically in absolute tensor notation, which is almost exclusively used in modern literature. This mathematical tool is presented such that study of the book is possible without permanent reference to other works.
djvy 3.2MB
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Much of the convenience of modern life resides in sheet metal, the cowling shield of most machines and appliances. However, the load that this takes off human shoulders has to be carried elsewhere, and the Earth has borne the burden. Many of us woke up to the environmental cost when over a century of industrialization finally surpassed the capacity of nature to assimilate it.
International in scope, Heavy Metals in the Environment: Using Wetlands for Their Removal discusses wetland functions and heavy metal contamination. It addresses such questions as: Can systems powered by sunlight handle toxins more effectively than systems running on fossil fuel? At what scale and by what means do we define efficiency? These questions resonate increasingly with a number of global challenges.
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Author: Y. Richard Kim | Size: 61.9 MB | Format:PDF | Quality:Unspecified | Publisher: CRC Press | Year: 2014 | pages: 1966 | ISBN: 113802693X
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MITIGATION OF SEISMIC POUNDING BETWEEN ADJACENT BUILDINGS
Author: A. Hameed, M. Saleem, A.U. Qazi, S. Saeed* and M. A. Bashir | Size: 661 KB | Format:PDF | Quality:Unspecified | Publisher: Pakistan Journal of Science (Vol. 64 No. 4 December, 2012) | Year: 2012 | pages: 08
Adjacent buildings during an earthquake may collide against each other when, owing to their different dynamic characteristics, the buildings vibrate out of phase and the at-rest separation distance is inadequate to accommodate their relative motions. Seismic pounding can cause severe damage to the structures. Such buildings are usually separated by an expansion joint which is insufficient to accommodate the lateral movements of buildings under earthquakes. While seismic pounding can be prevented by providing adequate safe code specified separation distances, sometimes getting of required safe separations is not possible in metropolitan areas because buildings are built very close to each other due to high land value, limited availability of land space, the need for centralized facilities under one roof and/or often ignoring the likelihood of seismic pounding between adjacent buildings during design. If building separations in metropolitan areas found to be deficient to prevent pounding, then there should be some secure and cost-effective retrofitting methods to mitigate
structural pounding. This research work covers the mitigation techniques of pounding between adjacent buildings due to earthquakes. Use of shear wall, bracing system and friction dampers are proposed as possible mitigation techniques.
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Author: R. Shafiei-Tehrany, M. ElGawady*, W. Coffer | Size: 872 KB | Format:PDF | Quality:Unspecified | Publisher: Electronic Journal of Struct ural Engineering 11(1) 2011 | Year: 2011 | pages: 10
Nonlinear pushover analysis is a powerful tool for evaluating the inelastic seismic behavior of structures. This paper presents a detailed seismic analysis of a complex bridge. The I-5 Ravenna Bridge was assessed through nonlinear pushover analyses that highlights many important issues of bridges constructed on hollow core prestressed concrete piles. A three dimensional finite element analysis of the bridge have been carried out including modeling of the bridge bearings, expansions joints, and soil-structure interaction. The nonlinear response of the bridge was investigated from the first pier hinging to the inelastic equilibrium condition using three different response spectrums representing ground motions with different return periods. The effects on the seismic demand due to period lengthening and damping increase produced by structural deterioration were evaluated. The effects of three different soils on the bridge performance were investigated as well. Using dense sand increased the stiffness of the system and the ductility capacity. In addition, change the soil type has insignificant effect on the post-yielding stiffness of the bridge
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Development of pounding model for adjacent structures in earthquakes
Author: S. Khatiwada, N. Chouw and J.W. Butterworth Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Auckland, New Zealand | Size: 394 KB | Format:PDF | Quality:Unspecified | Publisher: Proceedings of the Ninth Pacific Conference on Earthquake Engineering Building an Earthquake-Resilient Society 14-16 April, 2011, Auckland, New Zealand | Year: 2011 | pages: 08
Building pounding, a frequently recurrent problem in strong earthquakes,
occurs when there is inadequate separation between adjacent structures. Several models have been proposed for the calculation of the resultant impact force, and its effect on the participating structures. This study analyzes two impact models, viz. the elastoplastic impact model by van Mier et al and the nonlinear viscoelastic impact element proposed by Jankowski and proposes a new impact model. The proposed viscous elastoplastic impact element combines all three properties of viscosity, elasticity and plasticity in an impact element for the first time. The plastic effect may be due to the material yielding at the contact location of the participating structures. A sample numerical investigation is presented for the seismic pounding between two adjacent buildings due to the 1940 North South El-Centro ground motions. The results show that the time history of the roof displacement of the participating structures is significantly different and the maximum displacement is reduced when the new model is employed when compared to the results obtained from numerical simulations using a nonlinear viscoelastic impact element.
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Pounding Effects on Bridge s during Extreme Earthquakes
Author: Tzu-Ying Lee 1, Kai-Tien Chen 1, Chun-Chuan Su 1 1Department of Civil Engineering, National Central University, No.300, Jhongda Road, Jhongli, Taiwan | Size: 486 KB | Format:PDF | Quality:Unspecified | Publisher: Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Structural Dynamics, EURODYN 2011 Leuven, Belgium, 4-6 July 2011 G. De Roeck, G. Degrande, G. Lombaert, G. M¨uller (eds.) | Year: 2011 | pages: 06 | ISBN: 978-90-760-1931-4
In the past extreme earthquakes, a number of bridges suffered damage with unseating of superstructures.
Whenever unseating failure occurs, local cracking or crushing due to pounding between superstructures can be observed in the
sites. Therefore, this paper is aimed to study pounding effect on isolated bridges in ultimate situation through numerical analysis.
The Vector Form Intrinsic Finite Element (VFIFE) is superior in managing the engineering problems with material nonlinearity,
discontinuity, large deformation, large displacement and arbitrary rigid body motions of deformable bodies. The VFIFE is thus
selected to be the analysis method in this study. Since the VFIFE is in its infant stage of development, there are still a number of
elements to be developed. Three types of impact models are developed for VFIFE to simulate the pounding effect. The
developed impact elements are verified to be accurate by a model comprising two SDOF systems. Two adjacent single-span
isolated bridges are then analyzed to study the pounding effect under extreme earthquakes. The results show insignificant
difference of the pounding effect by any impact model with or without energy dissipation. It is interesting to observe that the
column ductility demand remains identical regardless of the strength of unseating prevention device. The larger the mass ratio of
the two adjacent decks, the larger the intensity of the ground motion the column reaches its ultimate ductility.
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POUNDING OF ADJACENT RC BUILDINGS DURING SEISMIC LOADS
Author: Mizam DOĞAN1, Ayten GÜNAYDIN2 | Size: 1.7 MB | Format:PDF | Quality:Unspecified | Publisher: Journal of Engineering and Architecture Faculty of Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Vol: XXII, No:1, 2009 | Year: 2009 | pages: 17
Turkey is in high seismic risk zone. On a possible earthquake, adjacent buildings which are not separated from each other properly are under pounding risk. Although gap size requirements are given in Turkish Earthquake Code (TEC), in Turkey, adjacent buildings are still been constructing with insufficient gap sizes. In this paper; results of pounding and effects of pounding to structural elements of buildings are studied. Stress analyses are made on frame models for different impact points and analysis results are discussed. It is concluded that pounding forces are not completely absorbable because of their high values but their effects on structure can be reduced by placing elastic materials between adjacent buildings or by reinforcing structural systems with cast-in-place reinforced concrete (RC) walls
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