Complementary Approaches for Using Ecotoxicity Data in Soil Pollution Evaluation
M. D. Fernandez, J. V. Tarazona - Complementary Approaches for Using Ecotoxicity Data in Soil Pollution Evaluation
Publisher: Nova Science Publishers | 2008-11 | ISBN: 1606921053 | PDF | 81 pages | 5.32 MB
The assessment of soil quality has usually focused on human health protection as the main objective. Recently, criteria for the protection of ecosystems have been incorporated and ecotoxicological analyses are recommended to estimate the risk to ecological receptors associated with contaminants in soils (Calow, 1993; Stephenson et al., 2002; Loibner et al., 2003; Robidoux et al., 2004b). The ecotoxicological assessment of soils is mostly based on the toxicity test with selected organisms. Two complementary approaches are available. The first approach consists in the identification of toxicity thresholds for each relevant pollutant, thresholds that are based on the evaluation of effects of chemical substances on selected organisms representing relevant ecological receptors. The results of these assays are used for setting soil quality standards for each pollutant or pollutant class.Risk assessment tools can be used for this purpose, pre-establishing acceptable levels of risk. The contamination level is based on the comparison of the concentration of contaminants measured in the soil with the standards established from the thresholds. Although field and semi-field information can be incorporated in the higher tier steps, the thresholds are mostly developed from standardised toxicity assays conducted under laboratory conditions following international (e.g. OECD, ISO) or national (e.g. USEPA, ASTM) guidelines. In the second approach, toxicity assays are performed directly with the contaminated media (soil, water, sediment). This alternative, performing the assays with environmental samples, constitutes the method called direct (eco)toxicity assessment (DTA), and is based on modified bioassays.Most regulations have developed soil quality standards based on toxicity assays. However, due to the limitations in the lab to field extrapolation, trends were directed towards the combination of chemical analysis and DTA (Peterson et al., 1990; Torstensson, 1993; Torslov et al., 1997). In this book, both alternatives will be compared. The main difference between both approaches is that in the first case, a reference 'uncontaminated' soil sample is spiked with one or a few chemicals at different concentrations, while in the DTA approach real soil samples are collected at the contaminated site, therefore containing a realistic combination of the different pollutants present in the area, the field sample can be then tested and/or 'diluted' with 'uncontaminated' soil to create a pollution gradient.The toxicity of the spiked or collected/diluted samples is measured and concentration/response relationships obtained in both cases. To understand better this comparison, in this book the term 'toxicity test' will be used for the first approach: toxicity tests with samples spiked at the lab; while the term 'bioassay' will be used for the DTA approach: samples collected at the field.
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Fundamentals of Engineering Economics
Author(s): Chan S Park
Publisher: Prentice Hall
Date : 2003
Pages : 552
Format : PDF
Language : English
ISBN-10 : 0130307912
ISBN-13 :
Size: 44 MB
New from the author of the best-selling Contemporary Engineering Economics book, Fundamentals of Engineering Economics offers concise, but in-depth coverage of all fundamental topics of Engineering Economics. A four-part organization outlines an understanding of money and its management, how to evaluate business and engineering assets, .the development of project cash flows, and special topics in engineering economics. For individuals interested in the field of industrial, civil, mechanical and electrical engineering.
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Understanding Earth -5th Ed by Grotzinger, Jordon, Press and Siever
Product Description:
More than any other introductory physical geology textbook, Understanding Earth is designed to bring the worldview of the working geologist to an audience not only new to this specific field, but in many cases to science in general. Students aren't merely presented with concepts and processes--they come to learn how we know what we know, and how that knowledge impacts their lives as citizens and consumers.
Product Details
* Paperback: 672 pages
* Publisher: W. H. Freeman; 5th edition (February 24, 2006)
* Language: English
* ISBN-10: 0716766825
* ISBN-13: 978-0716766827
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I am looking for this book TYRE/ROAD NOISE REFERENCE BOOK Wrote by Professor Ulf Sandberg
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Metric Handbook, Third Edition
Publisher: Architectural Press | pages: 856 | 2008 | ISBN: 0750652810 | PDF | 46,7 mb
Originally devised as a guide for converting from imperial to metric measurements, 'The Metric Handbook' has since been totally transformed into the major handbook of planning and design data for architects. This new edition has been updated to account of the most recent changes to regulation and practice - in particular the increasing emphasis on environmental legislation - to meet the needs of the modern building design professional.
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Hi, Im new here. I need help from people here about progressive collapse. I know there is GSA Progressive collapse but I need guide to really understand this GSA code and how to produce analysis using software such as STAADPro. Thanks in advance,,
I'm looking for any kind of publications (journal, magazine, e-book, ...) related to the concrete (concrete structural elements or just concrete as a material) deformations (damage, cracks, ruptures, ...) due to high temperatures/ wildfire/ conflagration. Any kind of informations are welcome. Publications related to the fire exposed concrete in existing buildings are welcome as well.
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