Seismic Retrofitting of Historic Masonry Buildings – Case Study
Journal: Advanced Materials Research (Volumes 133 - 134)
Volume: Structural Analysis of Historic Constructions
Edited by: Xianglin Gu and Xiaobin Song
Pages: 991-996
Citation: A.R. Santhakumar et al., 2010, Advanced Materials Research, 133-134, 991
Online since: October, 2010
Authors: A.R. Santhakumar, M.S. Mathews, S. Thirumurugan, Rao Uma
Keywords:
Brick, Burnt Clay Brick, Carbon Fiber Sheet (CFS), Ferro-Cement, Ferrocement Bands, Lime Concrete, Load-Bearing Masonry, Retrofitting, Wire-Mesh
Abstract Masonry heritage building built during early part of 19th century have characteristic colonial architecture using masonry walls and jack arch roofing supported on steel beams. They are highly vulnerable to failure during earthquakes. This paper describes a methodology to quantify their vulnerability and then based on this a scheme of structural retrofitting is suggested. The aim of this presentation, through 4 case studies of buildings located in Delhi, India, is to exemplify various aspects of analysis, design and execution methodology of the retrofitting scheme for such important heritage structures. The assessment of vulnerability is based on its location, codes of practice with respect to materials and loading. The main challenge in choosing the appropriate retrofitting scheme lies in retaining the architecture and aesthetics. Also the retrofitting has to be completed in the least possible time causing minimum disturbance to the occupants. This has been achieved through a combination of Ferro-cement bands and FRP sheets. The execution of retrofitting was considered to make use of available local materials and expertise. The building is analysed in detail and the areas where stress concentration takes place is further strengthened.
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Author: C H Goodchild | Size: 11.9 MB | Format:PDF | Publisher: British Cement Association | Year: 1995 | pages: 67 | ISBN: 721014798
Hybrid concrete construction is essentially the combination of in-situ concrete with precast concrete, steelwork or other materials. It provides simple, buildable and competitive high-quality structures that offer consistent performance.
This publication illustrates in-situ concrete, precast concrete, steelwork and other materials working together in building structures. It shows how the benefits of each material have been harnessed to produce hybrid concrete solutions that suited particular sets of circumstances. The examples show how hybrid concrete construction can provide economy, speed, flexibility and buildability while giving high-quality and aesthetically pleasing buildings. Many contemporary buildings are hybrids of different materials; indeed reinforced concrete is a hybrid of concrete and steel.
Current trends in building point towards more prefabrication, more efficiency, reduced site activity, and safer and faster construction, Owners and tenants are demanding higher quality, with lower costs and reduced maintenance. Designers, striving to achieve these goals, will become even more aware of the implications of their designs in terms of buildability and total costs, and materials will be used to better advantage. Concrete hybrid structures and hybrid elements will become more common as their potential is realized and familiarity grows.
Many precast and in-situ concrete hybrids have been developed overseas and are commonplace abroad. Although some ideas have emanated from the UK and have been used here, others from around the world are worthy of much fuller exploitation in this country. For example, few composite steel-frame buildings had been built here before the beginning of the 1980s. Now most steel frames are designed as composites of structural steel and in-situ concrete, using technology originally imported from the USA.
Hybrid concrete construction is not a panacea for all situations but should be considered as one of the basic frame options for achieving speed and quality at minimum cost.
This publication aims to provide a source of inspiration, offering a multitude of ideas that can be adapted and improved upon in better buildings for the future.
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This book is not only a reference for researchers but also a basis for practising engineers. It can be used as a text book for graduate students, although it has the characteristics of a reference book. It addresses mainly the sewer hydraulician who has to tackle many a problem in daily life, and who will not always find an appropriate solution. Each chapter is introduced with a summary to outline the contents. To illustrate application of the theory, examples are presented to explain the computational procedures. Further, to relate present knowledge to the history of hydraulics, some key dates on noteworthy hydraulicians are quoted. A historical note on the development of wastewater hydraulics is also added. References are given at the end of each chapter, and they are often helpful starting points for further reading. Each notation is defined when introduced, and listed alphabetically at the end of each chapter.
Author: National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Improving Risk Analysis Approaches | Size: 2.9 MB | Format:PDF | Publisher: The National Academies Press | Year: 2009 | pages: 423 | ISBN: 978-0-309-12047-0
Product Description
Risk assessment has become a dominant public policy tool for making choices, based on limited resources, to protect public health and the environment. It has been instrumental to the mission of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as well as other federal agencies in evaluating public health concerns, informing regulatory and technological decisions, prioritizing research needs and funding, and in developing approaches for cost-benefit analyses. However, risk assessment is at a crossroads. Despite advances in the field, risk assessment faces a number of significant challenges including lengthy delays in completing complex risk assessments; lack of data leading to significant uncertainty in risk assessments; and many chemicals in the marketplace that have not been evaluated and emerging agents requiring assessment. Science and Decisions makes practical scientific and technical recommendations to address these challenges. This book is complement to the widely used 1983 National Academies book, Risk Assessment in the Federal Government (also known as the Red Book). The earlier book established a framework for the concepts and conduct of risk assessment that has been adopted by numerous expert committees, regulatory agencies, and public health institutions. The new book embeds these concepts within a broader framework for risk-based decision-making. Together, these are essential references for those working in the regulatory and public health fields. Committee on Improving Risk Analysis Approaches Used by the U.S. EPA National Research Council
Book Description
Risk assessment has become a dominant public policy tool for making choices, based on limited resources, to protect public health and the environment. It has been instrumental to the mission of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as well as other federal agencies in evaluating public health concerns, informing regulatory and technological decisions, prioritizing research needs and funding, and in developing approaches for cost-benefit analysis.
However, risk assessment is at a crossroads. Despite advances in the field, risk assessment faces a number of significant challenges including lengthy delays in making complex decisions; lack of data leading to significant uncertainty in risk assessments; and many chemicals in the marketplace that have not been evaluated and emerging agents requiring assessment.
Science and Decisions makes practical scientific and technical recommendations to address these challenges. This book is a complement to the widely used 1983 National Academies book, Risk Assessment in he Federal Government (also known as the Red Book). The earlier book established a framework for the concepts and conduct of risk assessment that has been adopted by numerous expert committees, regulatory agencies, and public health institutions. The new book embeds these concepts within a broader framework for risk-based decision-making. Together, these are essential references for those working in the regulatory and public health fields.
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The book covers self-healing concepts for all important material classes and their applications: polymers, ceramics, non-metallic and metallic coatings, alloys, nanocomposites, concretes and cements, as well as ionomers.
Beginning with the inspiration from biological self-healing, its mimickry and conceptual transfer into approaches for the self-repair of artificially created materials, this book explains the strategies and mechanisms for the readers' basic understanding, then covers the different material classes and suitable self-healing concepts, giving examples for their application in practical situations.
As the first book in this swiftly growing research field, it is of great interest to readers from many scientific and engineering disciplines, such as physics and chemistry, civil, architectural, mechanical, electronics and aerospace engineering.
Contents:
General Introduction.
Definitions, Mechanisms and Application Areas.
Self-healing Polymers.
Self-healing in Non-metallic Coatings.
Self-healing in Metallic Coatings.
Self-healing in Nanocomposites.
Self-healing in Concretes and Cements.
Self-healing in Ionomers.
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The effects of aggregates characteristics on the performance of Portland cement concrete
Author: Pedro Nel Quiroga and David W. Fowler | Size: 7.5 MB | Format:PDF | Publisher: The University of Texas at Austin | Year: 2004 | pages: 382
Aggregate shape, texture, and grading have a significant effect on the performance of fresh concrete. Aggregate blends with well-shaped, rounded, and smooth particles require less paste for a given slump than blends with flat, elongated, angular, and rough particles. At the same time, uniform gradings with proper amounts of each size result in aggregate blends with high packing and in concrete with low water demand. Optimized aggregate blends have high packing, requiring low amounts of paste. As a result, they are less expensive and will have less durability problems caused by the paste such as heat generation, porosity, and drying shrinkage.
Current ASTM C 33 standard limits the amount of material passing the N 200 sieve (microfines) to 7 percent. However, manufactured fine aggregate (MFA) usually has between 10 and 20 percent microfines. These limits, intended for natural sands, force MFA producers to wash aggregate incrementing costs and generating environmental issues. Research at The University of Texas and experience in other countries show that good quality concrete can be made with MFA with high-microfines content.
Many proportioning methods such as ACI 211 do not consider high amounts of microfines, considers partially the effect of shape and texture of aggregates, and do not encourage optimization of aggregate.
The effect of shape, texture and grading of aggregates on fresh concrete was evaluated experimentally, quantified by means a proportioning method based on packing density concepts, the Compressible Packing Model (CPM), and analyzed by an empirical tool suggested by Shilstone. The effect of different types and amounts of microfines was evaluated simultaneously as well as the impact of chemical admixtures and supplementary cementing materials on concrete with high microfines were also evaluated experimentally. It was concluded that chemical admixtures and some supplementary cementing materials can be used to improve the workability of concrete with high microfines without negatively affecting hardened
concrete.
Guidelines for proportioning and optimizing aggregate blends were made based on Shilstone’s Coarseness Chart and the 0.45 Power Chart and CPM equations and procedures.
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Recent research developments in stability and ductility of steel bridge structures
Journal of Constructional Steel Research
Volume 55, Issues 1-3, July 2000, Pages 183-209
Abstract
Some ductility and strength researches of thin-walled steel bridge structures recently conducted at Nagoya University are summarized in this paper. The first part is on the investigations of the behavior of component plates, which are subjected to compression or shear. Both the monotonic and cyclic loading conditions have been considered. Then the studies of stub-columns under combined action of compression and bending are presented. The considered stub-columns are composed of stiffened and unstiffened box sections or pipe sections. For both the plates and stub-columns, empirical equations of strength and ductility have been developed. Based on the equations, a simple ductility evaluation method for thin-walled steel structures which involves a nonlinear pushover analysis and a definition of failure criterion is finally proposed. Moreover, some recent results of thin-walled structures through cyclic experimental and numerical studies are also included in this paper and are compared with the ductility estimations through the proposed simple method.
This European Standard provides a framework for the specification of hard industrial bitumens used mainly in
flooring, varnishes, mineral rubber, roofing and mastic.
Within Europe several types of hard industrial bitumen are used, and dependent upon traditional practices,
different grades may be used for the same purpose. The framework given in this European standard provides
a basis for quality agreements to be established between supplier and client.
The hard industrial bitumen products are graded by the limits of the ring and ball softening point values,
expressed as multiples of 5, and are characterised by an H in front of the values.
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Strength Measurements Using Maturity for Portland Cement Concrete Pavement Construction at Airfields
Author: Dr. Robert O. Rasmussen, P.E., Dr. James K. Cable, P.E. | Size: 5 MB | Format:PDF | Publisher: The Transtec Group, Inc. | Year: 2003 | pages: 99
This report has been prepared for the Federal Aviation Administration by the
Innovative Pavement Research Foundation under the Airport Concrete
Pavement Technology Program. Funding is provided by the Federal Aviation
Administration under Cooperative Agreement Number 01-G-002. Dr. Satish
Agrawal is the Manager of the FAA Airport Technology R&D Branch and the
Technical Manager of the Cooperative Agreement. Mr. Jim Lafrenz is the IPRF
Cooperative Programs Manager.
The Innovative Pavement Research Foundation and the Federal Aviation
Administration thank the Technical Panel that willingly gave of their expertise and
time for the development of this report. They were responsible for the oversight
and the technical direction. The names of those individuals on the Technical
Panel follow.
Mr. Gerald Voigt, P.E. American Concrete Pavement Association
Mr. Thomas J. Yager NASA Langley Research Center
Mr. Michael A. Shayeson President, The Harper Company
Mr. Wayne Seiler, P.E. All About Pavements, Inc.
Mr. Robert “Murphy” Flynn FAA, Project Technical Advisor
The project team would also like to thank the following individuals and
organizations for their assistance during this effort:
• Des Moines International Airport, Des Moines, Iowa, especially Mr. Robert
M. Krasicki, Senior Operations Officer – Security
• Flynn Company, Inc., Dubuque, Iowa, especially Mr. Mike Flynn, Vice
President and Mr. Mark Gorton, Supervisor
• Iowa Concrete Paving Association, especially Mr. Gordon Smith, P.E.,
President
• Nomadics Construction Labs, Stillwater, Oklahoma, especially Dr. Steven
M. Trost, P.E., Chief Scientist and Mr. Michael Fox, President
• Identec Solutions, Inc. of Kelowna, British Columbia (Canada), especially
Mr. Barry Allen, Vice President of Technology
• Dallas Semiconductor / MAXIM of Dallas, Texas, especially Mr. John S.
Young, iButton Channel Manager – Americas
• Point Six, Inc. of Lexington, Kentucky, especially Mr. Dan Piroli, Vice
President and Messrs. Paul Hill and Tim Harover, Engineering
• Mr. Michael Anthony, Graduate Research Assistant, Iowa State University
The contents of this report reflect the views of the authors who are responsible
for the facts and the accuracy of the data presented within. The contents do not
necessarily reflect the official views and policies of the Federal Aviation
Administration. This report does not constitute a standard, specification, or
regulation.
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