I did not found any thread about 3d visualization so if anyone interested let me know.
Lets try to exchange experience about using NOVAPOINT, MX ROAD, C3D, 3DS MAX etc...
a few examples of my work:
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As a column experiences earthquake-induced lateral displacements
while supporting gravity loads, severe damage is observed in
regions subjected to large moments. These regions are commonly
referred to as plastic hinges and they experience large inelastic
curvatures. The inelastic curvatures in plastic hinges are typically
assumed to be constant over the plastic hinge length, lp, to simplify
the estimation of the tip displacement of a column. Therefore, if the
plastic hinge length is known, the tip displacement of a column can
easily be obtained by integrating curvatures, and vice versa. As
part of the research reported in this paper, the effects of axial load
and shear span-depth ratio (L/ h) on lp are evaluated experimentally.
Based on the experimental observations, a new analytical
approach that can be used to estimate lp is presented. Finally, the
research findings are synthesized into a simple expression that can
be used to estimate lp
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In recent revisions of the structural design codes in New Zealand,
a number of changes have been made to seismic design provisions.
One of the more significant revisions was the way in which the level
of detailing is determined for potential plastic hinges. Previously, the
level of detailing was based principally on the structural ductility
factor, which is broadly similar to the reduction factor R used in
U.S. practice. With the revision, the level of detailing is based on the
predicted magnitude of curvature that a plastic hinge is required to
sustain in the ultimate limit state. This paper explains why the
structural ductility factor does not give a reliable guide to the
deformation sustained in an individual plastic hinge. In addition,
based on test results of 37 beams, 25 columns, and 36 walls, design
curvature limits are proposed for different categories of plastic hinge.
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API 620:2009 Design and Construction of Large, Welded, Low-pressure Storage Tanks
Author: API | Size: 4.5 MB | Format:PDF | Publisher: API | Year: 2009 | pages: 258
The API Downstream Segment has prepared this standard to cover large, field-assembled storage tanks of the type
described in 1.2 that contain petroleum intermediates (gases or vapors) and finished products, as well as other liquid
products commonly handled and stored by the various branches of the industry.
The rules presented in this standard cannot cover all details of design and construction because of the variety of tank
sizes and shapes that may be constructed. Where complete rules for a specific design are not given, the intent is for
the Manufacturer—subject to the approval of the Purchaser’s authorized representative—to provide design and
construction details that are as safe as those which would otherwise be provided by this standard.
The Manufacturer of a low-pressure storage tank that will bear the API 620 nameplate shall ensure that the tank is
constructed in accordance with the requirements of this standard.
The rules presented in this standard are further intended to ensure that the application of the nameplate shall be
subject to the approval of a qualified inspector who has made the checks and inspections that are prescribed for the
design, materials, fabrication, and testing of the completed tank.
1.2.1 This standard covers the design and construction of large, welded, low-pressure carbon steel above ground
storage tanks (including flat-bottom tanks) that have a single vertical axis of revolution. This standard does not cover
design procedures for tanks that have walls shaped in such a way that the walls cannot be generated in their entirety
by the rotation of a suitable contour around a single vertical axis of revolution.
1.2.2 The tanks described in this standard are designed for metal temperatures not greater than 250°F and with
pressures in their gas or vapor spaces not more than 15 lbf/in.2 gauge.
1.2.3 The basic rules in this standard provide for installation in areas where the lowest recorded 1-day mean
atmospheric temperature is –50°F. Appendix S covers stainless steel low-pressure storage tanks in ambient
temperature service in all areas, without limit on low temperatures. Appendix R covers low-pressure storage tanks for
refrigerated products at temperatures from +40°F to –60°F. Appendix Q covers low-pressure storage tanks for
liquefied hydrocarbon gases at temperatures not lower than –270°F.
1.2.4 The rules in this standard are applicable to tanks that are intended to (a) hold or store liquids with gases or
vapors above their surface or (b) hold or store gases or vapors alone. These rules do not apply to lift-type gas
holders.
1.2.5 Although the rules in this standard do not cover horizontal tanks, they are not intended to preclude the
application of appropriate portions to the design and construction of horizontal tanks designed in accordance with
good engineering practice. The details for horizontal tanks not covered by these rules shall be equally as safe as the
design and construction details provided for the tank shapes that are expressly covered in this standard.
1.2.6 Appendix A has been deleted.
1.2.7 Appendix B covers the use of plate and pipe materials that are not completely identified with any of the
specifications listed in this standard.
1.2.8 Appendix C provides information on subgrade and foundation loading conditions and foundation construction
practices.
1.2.9 Appendix D provides information about imposed loads and stresses from external supports attached to a tank
wall.
1.2.10 Appendix E provides considerations for the design of internal and external structural supports.
1.2.11 Appendix F illustrates through examples how the rules in this standard are applied to various design
problems.
1.2.12 Appendix G provides considerations for service conditions that affect the selection of a corrosion allowance;
concerns for hydrogen-induced cracking effects are specifically noted.
1.2.13 Appendix H covers preheat and post-heat stress-relief practices for improved notch toughness.
1.2.14 Appendix I covers a suggested practice for peening weldments to reduce internal stresses.
1.2.15 Appendix J is reserved for future use.
1.2.16 Appendix K provides considerations for determining the capacity of tank venting devices.
1.2.17 Appendix L covers requirements for the design of storage tanks subject to seismic load.
1.2.18 Appendix M covers the extent of information to be provided in the Manufacturer’s report and presents a
suggested format for a tank certification form.
1.2.19 Appendix N covers installation practices for pressure- and vacuum-relieving devices.
1.2.20 Appendix O provides considerations for the safe operation and maintenance of an installed tank, with
attention given to marking, access, site drainage, fireproofing, water draw-off piping, and cathodic protection of tank
bottoms.
1.2.21 Appendix P summarizes the requirements for inspection by method of examination and the reference
paragraphs within the standard. The acceptance standards, inspector qualifications, and procedure requirements are
also provided. This appendix is not intended to be used alone to determine the inspection requirements within this
standard. The specific requirements listed within each applicable section shall be followed in all cases.
1.2.22 Appendix Q covers specific requirements for the materials, design, and fabrication of tanks to be used for the
storage of liquefied ethane, ethylene, and methane.
1.2.23 Appendix R covers specific requirements for the materials, design, and fabrication of tanks to be used for the
storage of refrigerated products.
1.2.24 Appendix S covers requirements for stainless steel tanks in non-refrigerated service.
1.2.25 Appendix U covers detailed rules for the use of the ultrasonic examination (UT) method for the examination
of tank seams.
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This British Standard specifies requirements and test methods for precast, unreinforced concrete paving
blocks and complementary fittings. It is applicable to precast, unreinforced concrete paving blocks that are
particularly for use in external trafficked paved areas.
NOTE Examples of uses for these products include footpaths, precincts, cycle tracks, car parks, roads, highways, industrial areas
(including docks and harbours), aircraft pavements, bus stations and petrol filling stations.
This British Standard is not applicable to permeable concrete blocks. The test methods are applicable to
paving blocks made of concrete only and are not applicable to paving blocks made of other materials.
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API RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 651 Cathodic Protection of Aboveground Petroleum Storage Tanks
Author: API | Size: 0.75 MB | Format:PDF | Publisher: API | Year: 2007 | pages: 46
1.1 The purpose of this recommended practice is to present procedures and practices for achieving effective corrosion control
on aboveground storage tank bottoms through the use of cathodic protection. It contains provisions for the application of cathodic
protection to existing and new storage tanks. Corrosion control methods based on chemical control of the environment or the use
of protective coatings are not covered in detail.
1.2 When cathodic protection is used for aboveground storage tank applications, it is the intent of this recommended practice to
provide information and guidance specific to aboveground steel storage tanks in hydrocarbon service. Certain practices recommended
herein may also be applicable to tanks in other services. It is intended to serve only as a guide to persons interested in
cathodic protection. Specific cathodic protection designs are not provided. Such designs should be developed by a person thoroughly
familiar with cathodic protection practices.
1.3 This recommended practice does not designate specific practices for every situation because the varied conditions in which
tank bottoms are installed preclude standardization of cathodic protection practices.
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This European Standard sets out the objectives for drain and sewer systems outside buildings. It specifies the functional requirements for achieving these objectives and the principles for strategic and policy activities relating to planning, design, installation, operation, maintenance and rehabilitation.
It is applicable to drain and sewer systems, which operate essentially under gravity, from the point where wastewater leaves a building, roof drainage system, or paved area, to the point where it is discharged into a wastewater treatment plant or receiving water.
Drains and sewers below buildings are included provided that they do not form part of the drainage system for the building.
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Author: Lawrence N. Virgin | Size: 12.2 MB | Format:PDF | Publisher: Cambridge University Press | Year: 2007 | pages: 376 | ISBN: 0521880424
This book concerns the vibration and the stability of slender structural components. The loss of stability of structures is an important aspect of structural mechanics and is presented here in terms of dynamic behavior. A variety of structural components are analyzed with a view to predict their response to various (primarily axial) loading conditions. A number of different techniques are presented, with experimental verification from the laboratory. Practical applications are widespread, ranging from cables to space structures. The book presents methods by which the combined effects of vibration and buckling on various structures can be assessed. Vibrations and buckling are usually treated separately, but in this book their influence on each other is examined together, with examples when a combined approach is necessary. The avoidance of instability is the primary goal of this material.
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The King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center (KAPSARC) is a future-oriented research and policy center committed to energy and environmental exploration and analysis.
Through its objective findings, the Center endeavors to increase the understanding of these subjects and spark the development of solutions that will shape a sustainable energy future for the Kingdom and the world. By employing a collaborative approach that welcomes contributions from international scholars and research organizations and shares its own, KAPSARC advances the global dialogue on energy and the environment. Through its insights and recommendations, the Center hopes to motivate companies and policymakers to take real actions that yield tangible results: more efficient petroleum use, reduced carbon footprints, sustainable energy solutions, adoption of new energy and environmental technologies. KAPSARC strives to produce viable, responsible energy thinking and strategies for Saudi Arabia and the rest of the world.
Enjoy this Magnificent Building art by ZAHA HADID:
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