API 570-2009 Piping Inspection Code: In-service Inspection, Rating, Repair, and Alteration of Piping Systems
Author: API | Size: 1.15 MB | Format:PDF | Publisher: API | Year: 2009 | pages: 78
1.1 General Application
1.1.1 Coverage
API 570 covers inspection, rating, repair, and alteration procedures for metallic and fiberglass reinforced plastic (FRP)
piping systems and their associated pressure relieving devices that have been placed inservice.
1.1.2 Intent
The intent of this code is to specify the in-service inspection and condition-monitoring program that is needed to
determine the integrity of piping. That program should provide reasonably accurate and timely assessments to
determine if any changes in the condition of piping could possibly compromise continued safe operation. It is also the
intent of this code that owner-users shall respond to any inspection results that require corrective actions to assure
the continued safe operation of piping.
API 570 was developed for the petroleum refining and chemical process industries but may be used, where practical,
for any piping system. It is intended for use by organizations that maintain or have access to an authorized inspection
agency, a repair organization, and technically qualified piping engineers, inspectors, and examiners, all as defined in
Section 3.
1.1.3 Limitations
API 570 shall not be used as a substitute for the original construction requirements governing a piping system before
it is placed inservice; nor shall it be used in conflict with any prevailing regulatory requirements. If the requirements of
this code are more stringent than the regulatory requirements, then the requirements of this code shall govern.
1.2 Specific Applications
The term non metallics has a broad definition but in this code refers to the fiber reinforced plastic groups
encompassed by the generic acronyms FRP (fiberglass-reinforced plastic) and GRP (glass-reinforced plastic). The
extruded, generally homogenous nonmetallics, such as high and low-density polyethylene are excluded. Refer to API
574 for guidance on degradation and inspection issues associated with FRP piping.
1.2.1 Included Fluid Services
Except as provided in 1.2.2, API 570 applies to piping systems for process fluids, hydrocarbons, and similar
flammable or toxic fluid services, such as the following:
a) raw, intermediate, and finished petroleum products;
b) raw, intermediate, and finished chemical products;
c) catalyst lines;
d) hydrogen, natural gas, fuel gas, and flare systems;
e) sour water and hazardous waste streams above threshold limits, as defined by jurisdictional regulations
f) hazardous chemicals above threshold limits, as defined by jurisdictional regulations;
g) cryogenic fluids such as: LN2, LH2, LOX, and liquid air;
h) high-pressure gases greater than 150 psig such as: GHe, GH2, GOX, GN2, and HPA.
1.2.2 Optional Piping Systems and Fluid Services
The fluid services and classes of piping systems listed below are optional with regard to the requirements of API 570.
a) Fluid services that are optional include the following:
1) hazardous fluid services below threshold limits, as defined by jurisdictional regulations;
2) water (including fire protection systems), steam, steam-condensate, boiler feed water, and Category D fluid
services, as defined in ASME B31.3.
b) Other classes of piping systems that are optional are those that are exempted from the applicable process piping
construction code.
1.3 Fitness-For-Service and Risk-Based Inspection (RBI)
This inspection code recognizes Fitness-For-Service concepts for evaluating in-service damage of pressurecontaining
components. API 579 provides detailed assessment procedures for specific types of damage that are
referenced in this code. This inspection code recognizes RBI concepts for determining inspection intervals. API 580
provides guidelines for conducting a risk-based assessment.
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Author: Mr D Ramsbottom , HR Wallingford | Size: 9.54 MB | Format:PDF | Publisher: CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY RESEARCH AND INFORMATION ASSOCIATION | Year: 1997 | pages: 189 | ISBN: unknown
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Construction Today Magazine November 2010
English | True PDF | 204 Pages | 55 MB
Construction Today is one tool executives can use to navigate trends in this fast-paced business. This must-read publication covers timely issues such as the profound affect construction spending has on the U.S. economy, managing volatile material costs, LEED design and construction, emerging technologies such as BIM and work force retention.
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I did not found any thread about 3d visualization so if anyone interested let me know.
Lets try to exchange experience about using NOVAPOINT, MX ROAD, C3D, 3DS MAX etc...
a few examples of my work:
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As a column experiences earthquake-induced lateral displacements
while supporting gravity loads, severe damage is observed in
regions subjected to large moments. These regions are commonly
referred to as plastic hinges and they experience large inelastic
curvatures. The inelastic curvatures in plastic hinges are typically
assumed to be constant over the plastic hinge length, lp, to simplify
the estimation of the tip displacement of a column. Therefore, if the
plastic hinge length is known, the tip displacement of a column can
easily be obtained by integrating curvatures, and vice versa. As
part of the research reported in this paper, the effects of axial load
and shear span-depth ratio (L/ h) on lp are evaluated experimentally.
Based on the experimental observations, a new analytical
approach that can be used to estimate lp is presented. Finally, the
research findings are synthesized into a simple expression that can
be used to estimate lp
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In recent revisions of the structural design codes in New Zealand,
a number of changes have been made to seismic design provisions.
One of the more significant revisions was the way in which the level
of detailing is determined for potential plastic hinges. Previously, the
level of detailing was based principally on the structural ductility
factor, which is broadly similar to the reduction factor R used in
U.S. practice. With the revision, the level of detailing is based on the
predicted magnitude of curvature that a plastic hinge is required to
sustain in the ultimate limit state. This paper explains why the
structural ductility factor does not give a reliable guide to the
deformation sustained in an individual plastic hinge. In addition,
based on test results of 37 beams, 25 columns, and 36 walls, design
curvature limits are proposed for different categories of plastic hinge.
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API 620:2009 Design and Construction of Large, Welded, Low-pressure Storage Tanks
Author: API | Size: 4.5 MB | Format:PDF | Publisher: API | Year: 2009 | pages: 258
The API Downstream Segment has prepared this standard to cover large, field-assembled storage tanks of the type
described in 1.2 that contain petroleum intermediates (gases or vapors) and finished products, as well as other liquid
products commonly handled and stored by the various branches of the industry.
The rules presented in this standard cannot cover all details of design and construction because of the variety of tank
sizes and shapes that may be constructed. Where complete rules for a specific design are not given, the intent is for
the Manufacturer—subject to the approval of the Purchaser’s authorized representative—to provide design and
construction details that are as safe as those which would otherwise be provided by this standard.
The Manufacturer of a low-pressure storage tank that will bear the API 620 nameplate shall ensure that the tank is
constructed in accordance with the requirements of this standard.
The rules presented in this standard are further intended to ensure that the application of the nameplate shall be
subject to the approval of a qualified inspector who has made the checks and inspections that are prescribed for the
design, materials, fabrication, and testing of the completed tank.
1.2.1 This standard covers the design and construction of large, welded, low-pressure carbon steel above ground
storage tanks (including flat-bottom tanks) that have a single vertical axis of revolution. This standard does not cover
design procedures for tanks that have walls shaped in such a way that the walls cannot be generated in their entirety
by the rotation of a suitable contour around a single vertical axis of revolution.
1.2.2 The tanks described in this standard are designed for metal temperatures not greater than 250°F and with
pressures in their gas or vapor spaces not more than 15 lbf/in.2 gauge.
1.2.3 The basic rules in this standard provide for installation in areas where the lowest recorded 1-day mean
atmospheric temperature is –50°F. Appendix S covers stainless steel low-pressure storage tanks in ambient
temperature service in all areas, without limit on low temperatures. Appendix R covers low-pressure storage tanks for
refrigerated products at temperatures from +40°F to –60°F. Appendix Q covers low-pressure storage tanks for
liquefied hydrocarbon gases at temperatures not lower than –270°F.
1.2.4 The rules in this standard are applicable to tanks that are intended to (a) hold or store liquids with gases or
vapors above their surface or (b) hold or store gases or vapors alone. These rules do not apply to lift-type gas
holders.
1.2.5 Although the rules in this standard do not cover horizontal tanks, they are not intended to preclude the
application of appropriate portions to the design and construction of horizontal tanks designed in accordance with
good engineering practice. The details for horizontal tanks not covered by these rules shall be equally as safe as the
design and construction details provided for the tank shapes that are expressly covered in this standard.
1.2.6 Appendix A has been deleted.
1.2.7 Appendix B covers the use of plate and pipe materials that are not completely identified with any of the
specifications listed in this standard.
1.2.8 Appendix C provides information on subgrade and foundation loading conditions and foundation construction
practices.
1.2.9 Appendix D provides information about imposed loads and stresses from external supports attached to a tank
wall.
1.2.10 Appendix E provides considerations for the design of internal and external structural supports.
1.2.11 Appendix F illustrates through examples how the rules in this standard are applied to various design
problems.
1.2.12 Appendix G provides considerations for service conditions that affect the selection of a corrosion allowance;
concerns for hydrogen-induced cracking effects are specifically noted.
1.2.13 Appendix H covers preheat and post-heat stress-relief practices for improved notch toughness.
1.2.14 Appendix I covers a suggested practice for peening weldments to reduce internal stresses.
1.2.15 Appendix J is reserved for future use.
1.2.16 Appendix K provides considerations for determining the capacity of tank venting devices.
1.2.17 Appendix L covers requirements for the design of storage tanks subject to seismic load.
1.2.18 Appendix M covers the extent of information to be provided in the Manufacturer’s report and presents a
suggested format for a tank certification form.
1.2.19 Appendix N covers installation practices for pressure- and vacuum-relieving devices.
1.2.20 Appendix O provides considerations for the safe operation and maintenance of an installed tank, with
attention given to marking, access, site drainage, fireproofing, water draw-off piping, and cathodic protection of tank
bottoms.
1.2.21 Appendix P summarizes the requirements for inspection by method of examination and the reference
paragraphs within the standard. The acceptance standards, inspector qualifications, and procedure requirements are
also provided. This appendix is not intended to be used alone to determine the inspection requirements within this
standard. The specific requirements listed within each applicable section shall be followed in all cases.
1.2.22 Appendix Q covers specific requirements for the materials, design, and fabrication of tanks to be used for the
storage of liquefied ethane, ethylene, and methane.
1.2.23 Appendix R covers specific requirements for the materials, design, and fabrication of tanks to be used for the
storage of refrigerated products.
1.2.24 Appendix S covers requirements for stainless steel tanks in non-refrigerated service.
1.2.25 Appendix U covers detailed rules for the use of the ultrasonic examination (UT) method for the examination
of tank seams.
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This British Standard specifies requirements and test methods for precast, unreinforced concrete paving
blocks and complementary fittings. It is applicable to precast, unreinforced concrete paving blocks that are
particularly for use in external trafficked paved areas.
NOTE Examples of uses for these products include footpaths, precincts, cycle tracks, car parks, roads, highways, industrial areas
(including docks and harbours), aircraft pavements, bus stations and petrol filling stations.
This British Standard is not applicable to permeable concrete blocks. The test methods are applicable to
paving blocks made of concrete only and are not applicable to paving blocks made of other materials.
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API RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 651 Cathodic Protection of Aboveground Petroleum Storage Tanks
Author: API | Size: 0.75 MB | Format:PDF | Publisher: API | Year: 2007 | pages: 46
1.1 The purpose of this recommended practice is to present procedures and practices for achieving effective corrosion control
on aboveground storage tank bottoms through the use of cathodic protection. It contains provisions for the application of cathodic
protection to existing and new storage tanks. Corrosion control methods based on chemical control of the environment or the use
of protective coatings are not covered in detail.
1.2 When cathodic protection is used for aboveground storage tank applications, it is the intent of this recommended practice to
provide information and guidance specific to aboveground steel storage tanks in hydrocarbon service. Certain practices recommended
herein may also be applicable to tanks in other services. It is intended to serve only as a guide to persons interested in
cathodic protection. Specific cathodic protection designs are not provided. Such designs should be developed by a person thoroughly
familiar with cathodic protection practices.
1.3 This recommended practice does not designate specific practices for every situation because the varied conditions in which
tank bottoms are installed preclude standardization of cathodic protection practices.
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