The Gravity Dam : a dam for the future 35 000 dams higher than 15 m have been built since 1930, including :
– 30 000 fill dams (20 000 hand made by low cost labour) : over 100 failed.
– 3 000 concrete gravity dams : none failed.
Utilizing such a safe solution for less than 10 % of past dams was mainly due to economic comparisons; moreover the extreme standardization of gravity dam design did not allow it to be optimized for very different local conditions.
A more important future for gravity dams will be due to :
– Actual labour cost increases in developing countries, eliminating hand made fill dams.
– Increased design flood criteria favouring concrete structures.
– Key possibilities offered by RCC.
But full utilization for relevant opportunities needs a deep review of traditional habits and a much wider choice of cross sections, materials, waterproofing, specifications, possibly composite solutions, … optimized for all conditions of each dam site. Designs of 21st century gravity dams could vary as much as fill dam designs during the 20th century. Lower quality foundations could often be accepted through suitable designs.
This Bulletin is based upon dam history and accidents, theoretical analysis and review of practical construction methods. It has been prepared by a group of French engineers, M. Lino being the coordinator and a key author, with extensive cooperation by P. Londe, ICOLD Honorary President, and J. Launay, and advice from A. Goubet.
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Author: GEORGE S.SALVAN and JOSELITO F.BUHANGIN | Size: zip 46.41 MB | Format:PDF | Quality:Unspecified | Publisher: JMC PRESS, INC. | Year: 1996 | pages: 297 | ISBN: 971-11-0987-5
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Probability & Statistics - the science of uncertainty
Author: John Tabak, Ph.D. | Size: 1.45 MB | Format:PDF | Quality:Unspecified | Publisher: Facts On File, Inc. | Year: 2004 | pages: 241 | ISBN: 0-8160-4956-4
Unlike traditional introductory math/stat textbooks, Probability and Statistics: The Science of Uncertainty brings a modern flavor based on incorporating the computer to the course and an integrated approach to inference. From the start the book integrates simulations into its theoretical coverage, and emphasizes the use of computer-powered computation throughout.*
Math and science majors with just one year of calculus can use this text and experience a refreshing blend of applications and theory that goes beyond merely mastering the technicalities. They'll get a thorough grounding in probability theory, and go beyond that to the theory of statistical inference and its applications. An integrated approach to inference is presented that includes the frequency approach as well as Bayesian methodology. Bayesian inference is developed as a logical extension of likelihood methods. A separate chapter is devoted to the important topic of model checking and this is applied in the context of the standard applied statistical techniques. Examples of data analyses using real-world data are presented throughout the text. A final chapter introduces a number of the most important stochastic process models using elementary methods.
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Author: Gabriela Goldschmidt and William L. Porter (Eds.) | Size: 5.5 MB | Format:PDF | Quality:Original preprint | Publisher: Springer | Year: 2004 | pages: 241 | ISBN: 1852337532
Preface
In April 1999, the undersigned co-chaired a meeting entitled “The 4th
International Design Thinking Research Symposium,” or DTRS ’99, at the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). The theme of the symposium
was Design Representation. The present book has its roots in that event.
We have been interested in design representation for a long time, in ways
both similar and complementary. We have for years written and taught
courses that explored design representation, although we used other terms to
describe what we were looking at. We learned that other people, in various
design and design research domains, were showing increasing interest in
questions pertaining to representation. Therefore, we chose this theme as the
topic of the 4th Design Thinking Research Symposium when our good fortune
destined us to organize and chair it. The journey we have undertaken, starting
with the inception of the idea for the symposium, came to a conclusion
only once these pages were assembled. It was a true intellectual adventure
that we enjoyed tremendously, as it gave us an opportunity to learn more,
to ask many questions, and to create a fruitful dialogue with contributors to
this book. Although all the authors attended the DTRS meeting, and most of
the chapters in this book build on presentations made there, the book is
in no way a replication of the meeting’s proceedings.1 Nor does it resemble
two special issues of professional journals, guest-edited by us, that feature
DTRS’99 papers.2
Deciding on the precise focus, the structure and the layout of this book
was no easy task, even after many months of dealing with the topic. We
approached the job of editing this book like a design job and we allowed the
material to talk back to us. Our deepest appreciation is herewith extended to
the authors who shared their thinking with us, who responded to our questions,
who made fine suggestions, and who were very patient with us. We are
likewise extremely obliged to the entire Design Thinking Research community,
whose many members so enthusiastically responded to the idea of
holding the meeting in 1999. We believe that the clear voices of approval that
have come out of this community made it possible for us to target Design
Representation as the focal point of our work. We are indebted to the
Department of Architecture at MIT for the support – both intellectual and
material – that it has provided to the DTRS meeting and its preparation.
Major support from Autodesk, Inc., auto•des•sys, Inc., and the MicrosoftCorporation helped make for a richer event. A considerable number of MIT
students and employees worked hard to make it a successful experience.
Without the help of all of them, we would not have had the base that paved
the way for this book. Infinite gratitude goes to the Graham Foundation for
Advanced Studies in the Fine Arts, whose generous grant enabled us to bridge
the geographic distance that separates us and to collaborate on our project
in ways that would have not been possible otherwise. Finally, we are most
grateful to Pamela Siska for considerably uplifting the language and form of
our texts, and to Francesca Warren, our editor at Springer Verlag, whose
enthusiasm and faith in this endeavour were decisive in bringing it to fruition.
Gabriela Goldschmidt, Haifa
William L. Porter, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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Foreword
This 2001 edition of CIBSE Guide C contains significant changes from the previous 1986
edition. Although basic physical data does not change with time, the refinement of measurement
and calculation techniques means that even this basic data needs to be reviewed at
intervals. Additionally, revisions to practice in calculation methods, product selection and
usage led to a requirement for changes in the presentation of the data. Much of the data in
the 1986 edition actually dates from 1970 and was therefore ripe for review.
The changes made for the 2001 edition are summarised below:
Section 1: Properties of humid air. The data tables remain unchanged but the introduction
has been updated. A critique of the data has been published in Building Services
Engineering Research and Technology, to which interested readers are referred (reference 11
to section 1).
Section 2: Properties of water and steam. This section has been reviewed and found to
need no amendment.
Section 3: Heat transfer. This section has been completely rewritten. The theoretical
basis has been reviewed in the light of current knowledge and the calculation procedures
updated. Reference tables have been updated to reflect current practice and needs.
Section 4: Flow of fluids in pipes and ducts. This section has been completely rewritten.
Both calculation methods and reference tables have been updated. In particular, the
opportunity has been taken to replace the limited and oversimplified tables of resistance
coefficients with a more comprehensive and rigorous treatment.
Section 5: Fuels and combustion. This section has been reviewed and comprehensively
updated to take account of changes to fuels and fuel characteristics.
Section 6: Units, standard and mathematical data. This section has been reviewed and
updated. Some obsolete data has been deleted and some extra data added.
These changes have taken a significant amount of time and effort to complete and I would
like to express my thanks to the volunteer authors, contributors, reviewers and CIBSE
staff for their valuable contributions.
Finally, we hope that all users will find this Guide a useful and authoritative source of reference
and guidance.
Paul Compton
Chairman, CIBSE Guide C
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Within cognitive science, two approaches currently dominate the problem of modeling representations. The symbolic approach views cognition as computation involving symbolic manipulation. Connectionism, a special case of associationism, models associations using artificial neuron networks. Peter Gardenfors offers his theory of conceptual representations as a bridge between the symbolic and connectionist approaches.Symbolic representation is particularly weak at modeling concept learning, which is paramount for understanding many cognitive phenomena. Concept learning is closely tied to the notion of similarity, which is also poorly served by the symbolic approach. Gardenfors's theory of conceptual spaces presents a framework for representing information on the conceptual level. A conceptual space is built up from geometrical structures based on a number of quality dimensions. The main applications of the theory are on the constructive side of cognitive science: as a constructive model the theory can be applied to the development of artificial systems capable of solving cognitive tasks. Gardenfors also shows how conceptual spaces can serve as an explanatory framework for a number of empirical theories, in particular those concerning concept formation, induction, and semantics. His aim is to present a coherent research program that can be used as a basis for more detailed investigations.
-------------------
Review
"This is a fearless book that casts a wide net around key issues in cognitive science. It offers the kind of coherent, unified view that the field badly needs." - Steven Sloman, Associate Professor, Cognitive and Linguistic Sciences, Brown University" --This text refers to an out of print or unavailable edition of this title.
Review
"This is a fearless book that casts a wide net around key issues in cognitive science. It offers the kind of coherent, unified view that the field badly needs." - Steven Sloman, Associate Professor, Cognitive and Linguistic Sciences, Brown University"
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Progressive building collapse occurs when failure of a structural component leads to the failure and collapse of surrounding members, possibly promoting additional collapse. Global system collapse will occur if the damaged system is unable to reach a new static equilibrium configuration. The objective of this research is to identify and investigate important issues related to collapse of seismically designed steel building systems using multi-scale computational models. Coupled multi-scale finite element simulations are first carried out to investigate the collapse response of moment resisting steel frame sub-assemblages. Simulation results suggest that for collapse resistant construction, designers should strive to use a larger number of smaller beam members rather than concentrate resistance in a few larger members and should specify ASTM A-992 steel rather than specifying generic steels. Improved behavior can also be achieved by increasing the shear tab thickness or directly welding the beam web to the column. Using information gleaned from the sub-assemblage simulations, computationally efficient structural scale models for progressive collapse analysis of seismically designed steel frames systems are developed. The models are calibrated and utilized within the context of the alternate path method to study the collapse resistance of multistory steel moment and braced frame building systems. A new analysis technique termed "pushdown analysis" is proposed and used to investigate collapse modes, failure loads and robustness of seismically designed frames. The collapse and pushdown analyses show that systems designed for high seismic risk are less vulnerable to gravity-induced progressive collapse and more robust than those designed for moderate seismic risk. Motivated by a number of deficiencies in existing ductile fracture models for steel, a new micro-mechanical constitutive model is proposed. Damage mechanics principles are used and a scalar damage variable is introduced to represent micro-structural evolution related to micro-void nucleation, growth and coalescence during the ductile fracture process in steels. Numerical implementation and parametric studies are presented and discussed. Calibration and validation studies show that the proposed model can successfully represent ductile fracture of steels. Although the system studies in this dissertation focused primarily on in-plane collapse response, the models and simulation methodologies developed herein can be extended in future work to address the collapse resistance of three-dimensional models.
A progressive collapse is initiated as a result of local structural damage and develops into a failure that is disproportionate to the initiating local damage. Structural collapse can be initiated by many hazards such as earthquakes, fires, or terrorist attacks. On 9/11, the World Trade Center (WTC) towers failed because the terrorist attack led to progressive collapse. Earthquake is a low probability/high consequence event. Therefore, it is very important to analyze how a progressive collapse caused by a seismic hazard event can unfold. In this study, the progressive collapse of a 4-story steel frame structure is analyzed under earthquake. Using equivalent base shear and alternative path methods, the conditional failure probability of a specified member and the probability of progressive collapse are both determined. Combining those results with the hazard curve of the seismic event, the progressive collapse probability of the entire structure due to earthquake can be determined. The risk assessment concept is used to evaluate the risk of a steel structure under earthquake. Based on risk analysis, the optimum size of members is obtained by using optimization under uncertainty. In this study, the procedure of estimating the probability of progressive collapse of a structure under earthquake is established. Risk estimation helps structural designer to identify critical members which have a substantial effect on structural reliability. The results of the optimal seismic design show that the expected total cost is mostly affected by the dimensions of critical members and the location of the structure.
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