Environmental Wind Engineering and Design of Wind Energy Structures
Series: CISM International Centre for Mechanical Sciences, Vol. 531
Baniotopoulos, Charalambos; Borri, Claudio; Stathopoulos, Theodore (Eds.)
2011, VIII, 352 p.
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This document can be permitted to be used as an alternative to the development of a National Concrete Bridge Design and Construction Code, or equivalent document in countries where no national design codes are available by themselves, or as an alternative to the National Concrete Bridge Design and Construction Code in countries where specifically considered and accepted by the national standard body or other appropriate regulatory organization, and applies to the planning, design and construction of structural concrete bridges to be used in new bridges of restricted span length, height of piers, and type.
The purpose of these guidelines is to provide a registered Civil Engineer with sufficient information to perform the design of the structural concrete bridge that complies with the limitations established in 6.1. The rules of design as set forth in the present document are simplifications of more elaborate requirements.
Although the guidelines contained in this document were drawn to produce, when properly employed, a structural concrete structure with an appropriate margin of safety, these guidelines are not a replacement of sound and experienced engineering. In order for the resulting structure designed employing these guidelines to attain the intended margin of safety. The document must be used as a whole and alternative procedures should be employed only when explicitly permitted by the guidelines. The minimum dimensioning guides as prescribed in the document replace, in most cases, more elaborate procedures as those prescribed in the National Code, and the eventual economic impact is compensated by the simplicity of the procedures prescribed here.
The professional performing the structural design under these guidelines should meet the legal requirements for structural designers in the country of adoption and have training and a minimum appropriate knowledge of structural mechanics, statics, strength of materials, structural analysis, and reinforced concrete design and construction.
Designs and details for new bridges should address structural integrity by considering the following:
The use of continuity and redundancy to provide one or more alternate paths.
Structural members and bearing seat widths that are resistant to damage or instability.
External protection systems to minimize the effects of reasonably conceived severe loads
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This document can be permitted to be used as an alternative to the development of a building code, or equivalent document in countries where no national design codes are available by themselves, or as an alternative to the building code in countries where specifically considered and accepted by the national standards body or other appropriate regulatory organization, and applies to the assessment of earthquake resistance capability and to the seismic rehabilitation design and construction for existing structural concrete buildings.
The purpose of these guidelines is to provide a registered civil engineer with sufficient information to perform the seismic assessment and rehabilitation of the structural concrete building that complies with the limitations established in 5., for both undamaged structures that are deemed not to comply with the required characteristics for an adequate response at a specified performance level, and for structures that have undergone damages under seismic loadings. The rules of design as set forth in the present document are simplifications of more elaborate requirements.
Although the guidelines contained in this document were drawn to produce, when properly employed, a reasonable assessment of the seismic vulnerability of an undamaged structure, a reasonable assessment of a structure damaged by a seismic event and a structural rehabilitation of the assessed concrete structure with an appropriate margin of safety, these guidelines are not a replacement of sound and experienced engineering. In order to attain the intended results on assessment and rehabilitation design, the document must be used as a whole, and alternative procedures should be employed only when explicitly permitted by the guidelines. The minimum dimensioning guides as prescribed in the document replace, in most cases, more elaborate procedures as those prescribed in the national code or, if no national code exists, in internationally recognized full fledged codes, and the eventual economic impact is compensated by the simplicity of the procedures prescribed here.
The professional applying the procedures set forth by these guidelines should meet the legal requirements for structural designers in the country of adoption and have training and a minimum appropriate knowledge of structural mechanics, statics, strength of materials, structural analysis, and reinforced concrete design and construction.
While buildings rehabilitated in accordance with these guidelines are expected to perform within the selected performance levels for the applicable design earthquakes, compliance with this guidelines are necessary but may not guarantee the sought for performance, as current knowledge of structural behavior under seismic loads, and of the loads themselves, is yet incomplete.
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This part of BS 6073 is published by BSI and came into effect
on 30 2008. It was prepared by Subcommittee B/519/1,Masonry units, under the authority of Technical Committee B/519, Masonry and associated testing. A list of organizations represented on these committees can be obtained on request to its secretary.
Supersession
This part of BS 6073 supersedes BS 6073-2:1981, which is withdrawn.
Relationship with other publications
This part of BS 6073 was originally developed as a method for specifying masonry units in accordance with BS 6073-1, which has been withdrawn and superseded by BS EN 771-3 and BS EN 771-4.
This new edition of BS 6073-2 is intended to provide a guide to the understanding and application of BS EN 771-3 and BS EN 771-4 for specifiers.
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Influence of diagonal braces in RCC multi-storied frames under wind loads: A case study
Author: Suresh P , Panduranga Rao B , Kalyana Rama J.S | Size: 3.6 MB | Format:PDF | Quality:Unspecified | Publisher: NTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CIVIL AND STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING Volume 3, No 1, 2012 | Year: 2012 | pages: 13
Structures are classified as rigid and flexible. Tall structures are more flexible and susceptible to vibrations by wind induced forces. In the analysis and design of high-rise structures estimation of wind loads and the inter storey drifts are the two main criteria to be positively ascertained for the safe and comfortable living of the inhabitants. Estimation of wind loads is more precise with gust factor method. Inter storey drift can be controlled through suitable structural system. The present investigation deals with the calculation of wind loads using static and gust factor method for a sixteen storey high rise building and results are compared with respect to drift. Structure is analyzed in STAAD Pro, with wind loads calculated by gust factor method as per IS 875-Part III with and without X- bracings at all the four corners from bottom to top.
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Author: THOMAS MICHAEL FRANKIE | Size: 4.5 MB | Format:PDF | Quality:Unspecified | Publisher: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, | Year: 2010 | pages: 289
Unreinforced masonry (URM) structures represent a significant portion of the residential building stock of the Central and Eastern United States (CEUSA), accounting for 15% of homes in the 8-state region impacted by the New-Madrid Seismic Zone and an even greater portion of the building stock in most other regions of the world. In addition to significant population, the brittle nature of URM buildings further supports a thorough consideration of seismic response given the susceptibility to severe failure modes. Currently, there is a pressing need for analytically based fragility curves for URM buildings. In order to improve the estimation of damage state probabilities through the development of simulation-based masonry fragilities, an extensive literature survey is conducted on pushover analysis of URM structures. Using this data, capacity diagrams are generated, from which damage exceedance limit states are defined. Demand is simulated using synthetically derived accelerograms representative of the CEUSA. Structural response is evaluated using an advanced capacity spectrum method developed at the Mid-America Earthquake Center. Capacity, demand, and response are thus derived analytically and response data is used to generate an improved and uniform set of fragility curves for use in loss-assessment software via a framework amenable to rapid expansion of pushover database and variation of ground motion records. A set of best practices is hereby developed for selection and use of experimental and analytical data, input ground motions, analysis of structural capacity, limit state definitions, seismic design categories, and probabilistic analysis methods. Curves are expressed in multiple forms for wide range of use in loss-assessment applications. Results are discussed and compared with other relationships developed in the literature, along with those generated using HAZUS opinion-based capacity data. The parameters of the improved fragility relationships developed and presented in this thesis are provided and suggested for reliable use in
seismic loss assessment software.
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The structural design requirements of an offshore platform subjected to wave induced forces and moments in the jacket can play a major role in the design of the offshore structures. For an economic and reliable design; good estimation of wave loadings are essential. A nonlinear response analysis of a fixed
offshore platform under structural and wave loading is presented, the structure is discretized using the finite
element method, wave plus current kinematics (veloc
ity and acceleration fields) are generated using 5th order Stokes wave theory, the wave force acting on the member is calculated using Morison’s equation. Hydrodynamic loading on horizontal and vertical tubular members and the dynamic response of fixedoffshore structure together with th e distribution of displacement, axial force and bending moment along the leg are investigated for regular and extreme cond
itions, where the structure should keep production
capability in conditions of the 1-yr return period wave and must be able to survive the 100-yr return period
storm conditions. The result of the study shows that the nonlinear response investigation is quite crucial for
safe design and operation of offshore platform.
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OPTIMUM DESIGN OF PIN-JOINTED 3-D DOME STRUCTURES USING GLOBAL OPTIMIZATION TECHNIQUES
Author: YAVUZ SARAÇ | Size: 9.31 MB | Format:PDF | Quality:Unspecified | Year: November 2005, | pages: 204
Difficult gradient calculations, converging to a local optimum without exploring the design space adequately, too much dependency on the starting solution, lacking capabilities to treat discrete and mixed design variables are the main drawbacks of conventional optimization techniques. So evolutionary optimization methods received significant interest amongst researchers in the optimization area. Genetic algorithms (GAs) and simulated annealing (SA) are the main representatives of evolutionary optimization methods. These techniques emerged as powerful and modern strategies to efficiently deal with the difficulties encountered in conventional techniques, and therefore rightly attracted a substantial interest and
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