Concrete has played a pivotal role in shaping the modern world’s infrastructure and the built environment. Its unparalleled versatility, durability, and structural integrity have made it indispensable in the construction industry. From skyscrapers to long-span bridges, water reservoirs, dams, and highways, the ubiquitous presence of concrete in modern society underscores its significance in global development. As we stand at the crossroads of environmental awareness and the imperative to advance our societies, the sustainability of concrete production and utilization is becoming a new engineering paradigm.
The immense demand for concrete, driven by urbanization and infrastructure development, has prompted a critical examination of its environmental impact. One of the most pressing concerns is the substantial carbon footprint associated with traditional concrete production. The production of cement, a key ingredient in concrete, is a notably energy-intensive process that releases a significant amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere. As concrete remains unparalleled in its ability to provide structural functionality, disaster resilience, and containment of hazardous materials, the demand for concrete production is increasing, while at the same time, the industry is facing the urgency to mitigate its ecological consequences.
This special publication investigates the multi-faceted realm of concrete sustainability, exploring the interplay between its engineering properties, environmental implications, and novel solutions, striving to provide an innovative and holistic perspective.
In recent years, the concrete industry has witnessed a surge of innovation and research aimed at revolutionizing its sustainability. An array of cutting-edge technologies and methodologies has emerged, each offering promise in mitigating the environmental footprint of concrete. Notably, the integration of supplementary cementitious materials, such as calcined clays and other industrial byproducts, has gained traction to reduce cement content while enhancing concrete performance. Mix design optimization, coupled with advanced admixtures, further elevates the potential for creating durable, strong, and eco-friendly concrete mixtures.
Concrete practitioners will gain an advanced understanding of a wide variety of strategies that are readily implementable and oftentimes associated with economic savings and durability enhancement from reading these manuscripts. The incorporation of recycled materials, such as crushed concrete and reclaimed aggregates, not only reduces waste but also lessens the demand for virgin resources. Furthermore, the adoption of efficient production techniques, along with the exploration of carbon capture and utilization technologies, presents an optimistic path forward for the industry.
This special publication aspires to contribute to the ongoing discourse on concrete sustainability, offering insights, perspectives, and actionable pathways toward a more environmentally conscious future.
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The 16th International Symposium on Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Reinforcement for Concrete Structures (FRPRCS-16) was organized by ACI Committee 440 (Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Reinforcement) and held on March 23 and 24, 2024, at the ACI Spring 2024 Convention in New Orleans, LA. FRPRCS-16 gathers researchers, practitioners, owners, and manufacturers from the United States and abroad, involved in the use of FRPs as reinforcement for concrete and masonry structures, both for new construction and for strengthening and rehabilitation of existing structures.
FRPRCS is the longest running conference series on the application of FRP in civil construction, commencing in Vancouver, BC, in 1993. FRPRCS has been one of the two official conference series of the International Institute for FRP in Construction (IIFC) since 2018 (the other is the CICE series). These conference series rotate between Europe, Asia, and the Americas, with alternating years between CICE and FRPRCS. The ACI convention has previously cosponsored the FRPRCS symposium in Anaheim (2017), Tampa (2011), Kansas City (2005), and Baltimore (1999).
This Special Publication contains a total of 52 peer-reviewed technical manuscripts from 20 different countries from around the world. Papers are organized in the following topics: (1) FRP Bond and Anchorage in Concrete Structures; (2) Strengthening of Concrete Structures using FRP Systems; (3) FRP Materials, Properties, Tests and Standards; (4) Emerging FRP Systems and Successful Project Applications; (5) FRP-Reinforced Concrete Structures; (6) Advances in FRP Applications in Masonry Structures; (7) Seismic Resistance of FRP-Reinforced/Strengthened Concrete Structures; (8) Behavior of Prestressed Concrete Structures; (9) FRP Use in column Applications; (10) Effect of Extreme Events on FRP-Reinforced/Strengthened Structures; (11) Durability of FRP Systems; and (12) Advanced Analysis of FRP Reinforced Concrete Structures.
The breadth and depth of the knowledge presented in these papers is clear evidence of the maturity of the field of composite materials in civil infrastructure. The ACI Committee 440 is witness to this evolution, with its first published ACI CODE-440.11, “Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete with Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) Bars,” published in 2022. A second code document on fiber reinforced polymer for repair and rehabilitation of concrete is under development.
The publication of the sixteenth volume in the symposium series could not have occurred without the support and dedication of many individuals. The editors would like to recognize the authors who diligently submitted their original papers; the reviewers, many of them members of ACI Committee 440, who provided critical review and direction to improve these papers; ACI editorial staff who guided the publication process; and the support of the American Concrete Institute (ACI) and the International Institute for FRP in Construction (IIFC) during the many months of preparation for the Symposium.
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Description
Autodesk AutoCAD 2024 design and documentation software, of the world’s leading 2D and 3D CAD tools. It will allow you to design and shape the world around you using its powerful and flexible features. Speed documentation, share ideas seamlessly, and explore ideas more intuitively in 3D. With thousands of available add-ons, AutoCAD software provides the ultimate in flexibility, customized for your specific needs. It’s time to take design further.
AutoCAD 2023 enables you to create and explore ideas like never before. It is all you need to create, visualize, document, and share your ideas. From conceptual design through drafting and detailing.
Import a wide variety of other formats including SolidWorks, Pro/ENGINEER, CATIA, Rhino, and NX. Drawing views, edge display, and location are instantly updated when an engineering change is made.
System requirements
OS:Microsoft Windows 10 (64-bit only) (version 1803 or higher)
CPU:Basic:2.5–2.9 GHz processor / Recommended:3+ GHz processor
Multiple processors:Supported by the application
RAM:8 GB / Recommended: 16 GB
Display Resolution
Conventional Displays:1920 x 1080 with True Color
High Resolution & 4K Displays:Resolutions up to 3840 x 2160 supported on Windows 10, 64-bit systems (with capable display card)
Disk space:6.0 GB
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CIGRE: Permanent elongation of conductors. Predictor equation and evaluation methods
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Sponsors: Sponsored by Joint ACI-ASCE Committee 445 and Subcommittee 445-E
Editors: Eva Lantsoght, Gary Greene, and Abdeldjelil Belarbi
The design and analysis of structural concrete elements is a topic of practical interest. While sometimes the effect of torsion is only addressed based on simple examples, practicing engineers are faced with the need to include the effects of torsion in their designs of a variety of structures and load arrangements.
This Special Publication (SP) contains papers about the design of reinforced and prestressed concrete elements for torsion. The focus of the SP is on practical design examples according to different concrete bridge and building codes. In addition to the design examples, papers dealing with the current state of the art on torsion in structural concrete, as well as recent advances in the analysis and design of concrete elements failing in torsion, are added.
The objectives of this SP are to provide practicing engineers with the tools necessary to better understand and design concrete elements for torsion. The need for this SP arose after the development of the State-of-the-Art Report on Torsion of Joint ACI-ASCE Committee 445 “Shear and Torsion” and Subcommittee 445-E “Torsion”. Usually, the attention that is paid to torsion in engineering education is limited to simplified textbook examples. The examples in this SP show applications in bridges and buildings, where the torsion design is combined with the design for flexure and shear. Additionally, the examples in this SP give insight on the different outcomes when using different bridge and building codes. Finally, the papers that include theoretical considerations give practicing engineers a deeper understanding and background on torsion in structural concrete.
The views from an international group of authors are included in this SP, subsequently representing a variety of building and bridge codes the engineer may encounter in practice. In particular, authors from the United States, Canada, Ecuador, the Netherlands, Italy, Greece, and the Czech Republic contributed to the papers in this SP. Views from academia and the industry are included.
To exchange experience in the design of torsion-critical structures as well as new research insights on torsion, Joint ACI-ASCE Committee 445 and Subcommittee 445-E organized two sessions titled “Examples for the Design of Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete Members under Torsion” at the ACI Fall Convention 2020. This SP contains several technical papers from experts who presented their work at these sessions, in addition to papers submitted for publication only.
In summary, this SP addresses numerous practical examples of structural elements under torsion in bridges and buildings, as well as insights from recent research applied to practical cases of elements under torsion. The co-editors of this SP are grateful for the contributions of the authors and sincerely value the time and effort they invested in preparing the papers in this volume, as well as the contributions of the reviewers of the manuscripts.
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Earthquakes worldwide have clearly demonstrated the vulnerability of reinforced concrete members to degradation in shear strength when subjected to cyclic loading. Such degradation can lead to significant damage to the structure and, possibly, even collapse. With the advancement of performance-based earthquake engineering, where the response of the structure must be traced through all levels of damage, there is a significant need to accurately define the deformation capacity and shear strength for such members. This symposium publication represents an effort from researchers across the globe trying to address this challenging problem.
Although at the time of publication there are some methodologies that can be used in performance-based earthquake engineering, there is a significant need for improved methods better suited for these types of applications. Furthermore, one of the concerns often expressed by researchers is that test data used in the past to develop and calibrate existing models consisted of relatively small data sets. This problem is compounded by differences between experimental studies in aspects such as the type of load history used, the manner in which deformations were recorded during tests, and the definition of displacement and strength at failure.
The recent development of the PEER column database, hosted by the University of Washington, provided a valuable resource to overcome some of these problems. It presented researchers with a larger pool of data, which included the full hysteretic response of every column in the data set. Although this represented a very significant step forward, efforts of this kind should continue to improve the ability of researchers to calibrate and evaluate models for shear strength and deformation capacity.
A joint technical session was organized by Joint ACI-ASCE Committees 441, Reinforced Concrete Columns, and 445, Shear and Torsion, during the American Concrete Institute’s Fall 2004 Convention in San Francisco, CA. The goal of the technical session was to showcase recent developments in this area, with the hope that continued discussion will lead to improved models that are suitable for performance-based engineering.
This symposium publication is a collection of technical articles presented at that meeting and represents an effort from Joint ACI-ASCE Committees 441 and 445 to continue the technical discussion on this topic
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Since the use of asbestos fibers is totally banned in the industrialized countries and discouraged in almost all countries, a large number of researchers around the world are working to obtain a replacement. Various forms of fabrics, meshes, and discrete fibers made of metal, mineral, polymeric, and naturally occurring materials have been investigated.
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The design, analysis, and performance of structural concrete slabs under punching shear loading conditions are topics that have been studied extensively over many decades and are well documented in the literature. However, the majority of the work reported in these areas is generally related to conventional concrete slabs subjected to highly idealized loading conditions.
Structural engineers need to find new, innovative ways and methods to design new structures but also to strengthen existing infrastructure to ensure safety, resilience, and sustainability. These challenges can be addressed through the use of integrated systems and high-performance technologically advanced materials. We live in a new era of improved computational capabilities, advances in high-performance computing, numerical and experimental methods, and data-driven techniques, which give us broader access to larger and better data sets and analysis tools. These new advancements are essential to develop deeper insights into the structural behavior of concrete slabs under punching shear and to implement and analyze new materials and loading conditions.
This Special Publication presents recent punching shear research and insights relating to topics that have historically received less attention in the literature and/or are absent from existing codified design procedures. Topics addressed include: the usage and impacts of alternative/modern construction materials (new concrete and concrete-like materials, nonmetallic reinforcement systems, and combinations thereof) on slab punching shear resistance, novel shear reinforcement or strengthening systems, the influence of highly irregular/nonuniform loading and support conditions on slab punching shear, impact loading, new design and analysis techniques, and the study of the punching shear behavior of footings.
This Special Publication will be of interest to designers who are often faced with punching-related design requirements that fall outside of traditional research areas and existing code provisions, as well as for researchers who are performing research in related areas.
Perspectives from a broad and international group of authors are included in this Special Publication, relating to a variety of punching-related problems that occur in research and practice. In particular, researchers from the United States, Canada, Ecuador, the Netherlands, Italy, Brazil, Israel, Portugal, Spain, the United Arab Emirates, and Germany contributed to the articles in this Special Publications.
To exchange views on the new materials, tests, and analysis methods related to punching, Joint ASCE-ACI Committee 421, “Design of Reinforced Concrete Slabs;” Joint ASCE-ACI Committee 445, “Shear and Torsion;” and subcommittee ACI 445-C, “Punching Shear,” organized two sessions titled “Punching shear of concrete slabs: insights from new materials, tests, and analysis methods” at the ACI Spring Convention 2023 in San Francisco, CA. This Special Publication contains several technical papers from experts who presented their work at these sessions, in addition to papers submitted for publication only.
Co-editors Dr. Katerina Genikomsou, Dr. Trevor Hrynyk, and Dr. Eva Lantsoght are grateful for the contributions of the authors and sincerely value the time and effort of the authors in preparing the papers in this volume, as well as of the reviewers of the manuscripts.
Aikaterini Genikomsou, Trevor Hrynyk, and Eva Lantsoght
Co-editors
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ACI Committees 441 – Reinforced Concrete Columns and 341A – Earthquake-Resistant Concrete Bridge Columns, Mohamed A. ElGawady
Columns are crucial structural elements in buildings and bridges. This Special Publication of the American Concrete Institute Committees 441 (Reinforced Concrete Columns) and 341A (Earthquake-Resistant Concrete Bridge Columns) presents the state-of-the-art on the structural performance of innovative bridge columns. The performance of columns incorporating high-performance materials such as ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC), engineered cementitious composite (ECC), high-strength concrete, high-strength steel, and shape memory alloys is presented in this document. These materials are used in combination with conventional or advanced construction systems, such as using grouted rebar couplers, multi-hinge, and cross spirals. Such a combination improves the resiliency of reinforced concrete columns against natural and man-made disasters such as earthquakes and blast.
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