Build Roads That Stand Up to Any Weather Condition
The first book dedicated solely to this important topic, Cold Regions Pavement Engineering helps ensure that road quality is not compromised by cold temperatures and other environmental factors.
Using the latest research from the United States, Canada, and Europe, the authors supply all the information needed to make wise decisions in situations where freezing temperatures, unstable soil, precipitation, ice, and small populations are complicating factors, along with limited funding-a common problem when designing roads in cold regions. Posing specific design and maintenance problems encountered in the field, the authors present the techniques and materials to solve them.
Cold Regions Pavement Engineering is a long-needed resource.
Inside:
* Design methodologies and maintenance techniques
* Key information on material selection
* Calculations for proper structural design
* Strategies for constructing new roads
* Advice in rehabilitating old or damaged surfaces
* Case studies of problems and their solutions
Cold Regions Pavement Engineering includes:
' Pavement Materials and Performance ' Investigation and Testing o Calculation of Engineering Parameters ' Design Considerations ' Mix and Pavement Design ' Maintenance and Rehabilitation ' Pavements on Permafrost
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1.1 This European Standard establishes general principles for the construction of reinforced fill.
1.2 This European Standard covers engineered fills that are reinforced by the inclusion of horizontal or subhorizontal reinforcement placed between layers of fill during construction.
1.3 The scope of reinforced fill applications considered in this European Standard includes (Figure 1):
earth retaining structures, (vertical, battered or inclined walls, bridge abutments, bulk storage facilities), with a facing to retain fill placed between the reinforcing layers;
reinforced steep slopes with a facing, either built-in or added or wrap-around, reinforced shallow slopes without a facing, but covered by some form of erosion protection without a facing, reinstatement of failed slopes;
embankments with basal reinforcement and embankments with reinforcement against frost heave in the upper part.
Principles for the execution of other special geotechnical works using soil nails, bored piles, displacement piles, micro piles, sheet pile walls, diaphragm walls, grouting or jet grouting are established in other European Standards.
Reinforcement of road pavements is not covered by this Standard.
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Non-linear computer analysis methods have seen remarkable advancement in the last half-century. The state-of-the-art in non-linear finite element analysis of reinforced concrete has progressed to the point where such procedures are close to being practical, every-day tools for design office engineers. Non-linear computer analysis procedures can be used to provide reliable assessments of the strength and integrity of damaged or deteriorated structures, or of structures built to previous codes, standards or practices deemed to be deficient today. They can serve as valuable tools in assessing the expected behaviour from retrofitted structures, or in investigating and rationally selecting amongst various repair alternatives.
fib Bulletin 45 provides an overview of current concepts and techniques relating to computer-based finite element modelling of structural concrete. It summarises the basic knowledge required for use of nonlinear analysis methods as applied to practical design, construction and maintenance of concrete structures, and attempts to provide a diverse and balanced portrayal of the current technical knowledge, recognizing that there are often competing and conflicting viewpoints.
This report does not give advice on picking one model over another but, rather, provides guidance to designers on how to use existing and future models as tools in design practice, in benchmarking of their models against established and reliable test data and in selecting an appropriate safety factor as well as recognising various pitfalls.
fib Bulletin 45 is intended for practicing engineers, and therefore focuses more on practical application and less on the subtleties of constitutive modelling.
Contents
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Preamble 1
1.2 Notation 2
1.3 Sample applications 2
(1.3.1 Kimberley‐Clark warehouse – 1.3.2 Sleipner A offshore platform –
1.3.3 Frame corner – 1.3.4 Base slabs in LNG storage tank)
1.4 The question of accuracy (1.4.1 – Reasons for caution) 20
1.5 Challenges remaining 27
1.6 Objectives 29
1.7 Scope of report 30
1.8 References 30
2 Design using linear stress analysis 33
2.1 Introduction 33
2.2 Membrane structures 34
(2.2.1 Notation – 2.2.2 General – 2.2.3 Reinforcement in one direction –
2.2.4 Isotropically reinforced panels – 2.2.5 The general solution –
2.2.6 Some comments on the angle θ – 2.2.7 The design concrete
compression strength, fcd. – 2.2.8 Example – Design of a reinforced concrete
squat shear wall)
2.3 Slabs and shells 52
(2.3.1 General – 2.3.2 Stress resultants – 2.3.3 Equilibrium, stress
transformation and boundary conditions for slabs – 2.3.4 Normal moment
yield criterion for slabs – 2.3.5 Sandwich model for the dimensioning of shell
elements – 2.3.6 Dimensioning of slab and shell elements in design practice –
2.3.7 Example 1 – 2.3.8 Example 2)
2.4 3D solid modelling 70
(2.4.1 Introduction – 2.4.2 Background – 2.4.3 Application to reinforced
concrete – 2.4.4 Reinforcement dimensioning for 3D stresses ‐ example 1 –
2.4.5 Reinforcement dimensioning for 3D stresses ‐ example 2)
2.5 References 78
3 Essential nonlinear modelling concepts 83
3.1 Introduction 83
3.2 Nonlinear concrete behaviour 84
(3.2.1 Concrete in compression – 3.2.2 Concrete in tension –
3.2.3 Modelling of tension stiffening – 3.2.4 Modelling of concrete cracks –
3.2.5 Modelling of reinforcement)
3.3 Nonlinear concrete modelling framework 98
(3.3.1 Elasticity – 3.3.2 Plasticity – 3.3.3 Damage – 3.3.4 Mixed models –
3.3.5 Discrete modelling frameworks)
3.4 Solution methods 102
(3.4.1 Newton‐Raphson method – 3.4.2 Modified Newton‐Raphson
method)
3.5 Precision of nonlinear concrete FE analyses 104
3.6 Safety and reliability 105
3.7 Statistical analyses 114
3.8 Concluding remarks 115
3.9 References 115
4 Analysis and design of frame structures using non‐linear models 121
4.1 Introduction 121
4.2 Notation 122fib Bulletin 45: Practitioners’ guide to finite element modelling of reinforced concrete structures v
4.3 Nonlinear models of frame elements 123
(4.3.1 Lumped versus distributed plasticity – 4.3.2 Distributed models –
4.3.3 Section models: fibre elements vs. strut‐and‐tie – 4.3.4 Modelling of
shear – 4.3.5 Modelling Bond Slip in Beams – 4.3.6 Analysis of a section)
4.4 Interpretation of results 148
(4.4.1 Localisation problems – 4.4.2 Physical characteristics of localised
failure in concrete – 4.4.3 Regularisation techniques for force‐based frame
elements – 4.4.4 Practical considerations)
4.5 References 160
5 Analysis and design of surface and solid structures using non‐linear models 165
5.1 Introduction 165
5.2 Notation 165
5.3 2D Structures with in‐plane loading 166
5.4 Plate and shell structures (5.4.1 Layered elements) 170
5.5 Three dimensional solid structures 173
(5.5.1 Introduction – 5.5.2 Models based on non‐linear elasticity –
5.5.3 Fracture‐plasticity modelling – 5.5.4 Microplane model –
5.5.5 Examples of the application of 3D FE modeling)
5.6 References 190
6 Advanced modelling and analysis concepts 195
6.1 Introduction 195
6.2 Constitutive frameworks 195
(6.2.1 Non‐linear elasticity – 6.2.2 Plasticity – 6.2.3 Continuum damage
mechanics – 6.2.4 Smeared crack models – 6.2.5 Microplane models)
6.3 Solution strategies 214
(6.3.1 Introduction – 6.3.2 Newton‐Raphson method – 6.3.3 Modified
Newton‐Raphson method – 6.3.4 Incremental displacement method –
6.3.5 The constant arc length method – 6.3.6 Line searches –
6.3.7 Convergence criteria – 6.3.8 Load‐displacement incrementation)
6.4 Other issues 223
(6.4.1 Post peak response of compression elements – 6.4.2 Effects of ageing
and distress in concrete – 6.4.3 Effects of ageing and distress in reinforcing
steel – 6.4.4 Second order effects)
6.5 References 227
7 Benchmark tests and validation procedures 233
7.1 Introduction 233
7.2 Calibration and validation of NLFEA models 234
(7.2.1 Overview of model calibration and validation process – 7.2.2 Level 1:
model calibration with material properties – 7.2.3 Level 2: validation and
calibration with systematically arranged element–level benchmark tests –
7.2.4 Level 3: validation and calibration at structural level)
7.3 Selection of global safety factor 239
7.4 Other issues in the use and validation of NLFEA programs 241
(7.4.1 Problem definition and model selection – 7.4.2 Working within the
domain of the program’s capability)
7.5 Case 1: Design of a shear wall with openings 244
(7.5.1 Objective – 7.5.2 Level 1 calibration – 7.5.3 Level 2 and 3
validation – 7.5.4 Evaluation of global safety)
7.6 Case study II: design of simply supported deep beam 250
(7.6.1 Objective – 7.6.2 Calibration and validation of NLFEAP‐1 –
7.6.3 Calibration and validation of NLFEAP‐2 – 7.6.4 Analysis of deep
beam)vi fib Bulletin 45: Practitioners’ guide to finite element modelling of reinforced concrete structures
7.7 Summary and future trends in model validation 260
7.8 Future trends in model validation 261
7.9 References 263
8 Strut‐and‐tie modelling 265
8.1 Introduction 265
8.2 Notation 266
8.3 Overview of the STM 267
(8.3.1 Strut‐and‐tie models – 8.3.2 Components of strut‐and‐tie models –
8.3.3 Admissible strut‐and‐tie models)
8.4 STM design steps (8.4.1 Complications in STM design) 270
8.5 Some considerations in using the STM 271
(8.5.1 Rules in defining D‐regions – 8.5.2 Two‐ and three‐dimensional
D‐regions – 8.5.3 Capacity of struts – 8.5.4 Uniqueness of strut‐and‐tie
models – 8.5.5 Strain incompatibility of struts and ties – 8.5.6 Tension
stiffening in ties – 8.5.7 Influence of tie anchorages – 8.5.8 Size, geometry,
and strength of nodal zones – 8.5.9 Load redistribution and ductility
requirements)
8.6 Computer‐based STM 279
8.7 Modelling aspects using computer‐based STM 280
(8.7.1 Identifying strut‐and‐tie models – 8.7.2 Refining strut‐and‐tie
models – 8.7.3 Other considerations – 8.7.4 Static indeterminacy of
strut‐and‐tie models – 8.7.5 Procedures to solve statically indeterminate
strut‐and‐tie models – 8.7.6 Dimensioning nodal regions)
8.8 Design example using computer‐based tools 298
(8.8.1 Problem statement – 8.8.2 Solution)
8.9 References 303
9 Special purpose design methods for surface structures 307
9.1 Introduction 307
9.2 Notation 307
9.3 Design of slabs and shear walls: perfect plastic approach 309
(9.3.1 Slabs subjected to bending loads – 9.3.2 Ultimate load determination –
9.3.3 Failure mode determination – 9.3.4 Material optimization –
9.3.5 Plates subjected to in‐plane loads)
9.4 Design of slabs using the reinforcement field approach 318
(9.4.1 Linear yield conditions for element nodal forces – 9.4.2 Material
optimisation through stress redistribution – 9.4.3 Slab subjected to bending
loads – 9.4.4 Dimensioning procedure)
9.5 Design of shear‐walls: the stringer‐panel approach 321
(9.5.1 Linear‐elastic version – 9.5.2 Non‐linear version –
9.5.3 A three‐step design procedure – 9.5.4 Example)
9.6 References 329
10 Concluding remarks 331
10.1 Introduction 331
10.2 Structural performance based design in practice 331
10.3 Benefits of non‐linear modelling and analyses 333
10.4 Code provisions 335
10.5 Specification of design loads 335
10.6 Maintenance 336
10.7 References
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Using the "search" option I was surprised that I didn't found this book.
Merry Christmas!
:JC_cheers:
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GOOGLE EARTH EXTENSION for AutoCAD and AutoCAD-based products
GOOGLE EARTH EXTENSION
OVERVIEW
Using the Google Earth Extension‘s simple wizard-driven interface, you can publish your 3D models from AutoCAD® software or select AutoCAD-based products directly into the Google Earth™ application. The technology preview allows you to import a Google Earth image into AutoCAD, publish your 3D model to Google Earth, drape a Google Earth image onto a 3D mesh in AutoCAD, and attach time span information to your model.
you have to registre befor u can download
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This important book will allow a better understanding of the principles underlying the technology of organic coatings and how to use them effectively in aggressive environments where high-performance is needed. It covers the types of organic coatings that are suitable for high-performance applications, surface preparation, application methods, failure and characterization, and case studies. The book will be invaluable for professional engineers in materials engineering, metallurgy, surface engineering, civil engineering and marine engineering. It will also benefit those interested in understanding how to select and use high performance organic coatings accurately for each application.
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Author: US Army Corps of Engineers | Size: 1.5 MB | Format:PDF | Publisher: US Army Corps of Engineers | Year: 2000 | pages: 77
1. Purpose. The purpose of this manual is to provide information and guidance on the use of rollercompacted
concrete (RCC) in dams and other civil works structures. Elements discussed include
investigation and selection of materials, mixture proportioning, material properties, design and
construction considerations, construction methods and equipment, Government Quality Assurance/
Contractor Quality Control, and performance. This manual is intended to serve as a companion to
Engineer Manual (EM) 1110-2-2000, “Standard Practice for Concrete for Civil Works Structures.” The
user of this manual should have a copy of EM 1110-2-2000 and the references listed therein. This
manual does not cover RCC for pavements.
2. Applicability. This manual applies to all USACE Commands having civil works responsibilities.
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This European Standard specifies the requirements and the test methods for pigments for use in the colouring of
building materials based on cement and cement/lime combinations.
Pigments covered by this European Standard can also be used in pure lime mortar. For this application see
EN 459-1 and EN 459-2.
Pigments for this purpose can be single pigments, blends of pigments, or blends of pigments and extenders, in
powder or granular form, or aqueous preparations.
Pigments typically belong to one of the following classes of compounds:
- synthetic or natural oxides and hydroxides of iron;
- oxides of chromium, titanium and manganese;
- complex inorganic pigments, for example combinations of the above mentioned metal oxides and hydroxides
with cobalt, aluminium, nickel and antimony oxides and hydroxides;
- ultramarine pigments;
- phthalocyanine blue and green;
- elemental carbon (should be regarded as an inorganic pigment);
- blends of the above materials (which may also include extenders).
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Diese Technische Spezifikation enthält Prüfverfahren für vorgefertigte Holztreppen. Diese Treppen sind aus
Holz und/oder Holzwerkstoffen hergestellt.
Die in diesem Dokument enthaltenen Verfahren können auch für einzelne Bestandteile der Treppen (z. B.
Stufen, Handläufe, Geländerstäbe, etc.) angewendet werden.
Dieses Dokument berücksichtigt nicht die Planung der Gesamtkonstruktion dieser Elemente. Treppen, die so
ausgelegt sind, dass sie die Gesamtstabilität der baulichen Anlage oder die Festigkeit der Konstruktion unterstützen,
sind nicht Gegenstand der vorliegenden Norm.
Die Oberflächen der Holzelemente können ungeschützt oder behandelt sein.
ANMERKUNG 1 Wenn die Treppen mit einer Oberflächenbehandlung oder einem Belag geliefert werden, sind einige
grundlegende Eigenschaften durch diese Norm nicht abgedeckt und es sollte auf die entsprechende Produktnorm
verwiesen werden (z. B. im Hinblick auf die Farbechtheit von Teppichauflagen).
ANMERKUNG 2 Der Begriff „Treppe“ in diesem Dokument kann auch für einzelne Elemente oder Bestandteile gelten.
Die Prüfungen können an einem vollständigen, nach den Einbauanweisungen des Herstellers montierten
System oder an einzelnen Bestandteilen durchgeführt werden.
Die Prüfung einer vollständig montierten Treppe kann nicht für die Beurteilung einzelner Bestandteile zugrunde
gelegt werden.
Eine bestimmte Reihenfolge für die Durchführung der Prüfungen ist nicht festgelegt und es müssen auch nicht
alle Prüfungen durchgeführt werden.
ANMERKUNG Die Art der Prüfungen kann national geregelt sein.
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This part of ISO 15143 specifies a data dictionary for the exchange of data in worksite data-controlled
construction operations as specified in ISO 15143-1. It also applies to worksite data exchange for the purpose
of services related to machine use (see ISO 15143-1:2010, Clause 4), and gives definitions of terms used in
relation to the data dictionary.
For the purposes of data exchange between different systems, it includes
⎯ identification, definition and specification of common items of data to be exchanged on typical earthmoving
construction worksites,
⎯ definition of application schema,
⎯ metadata describing the attributes of each data element, and
⎯ basic normative data elements with their attributes (in tabular format).
NOTE ISO 15143-1:2010, Annex A, describes the means to extend the data element table presented in Annex A of
this part of ISO 15143.
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