This European Standard sets out the level of input and output data, and prescribes the boundary conditions required for a calculation method of the sensible cooling load of a single room under constant and/or floating temperature taking into account the limit of the peak cooling load of the system. It includes a classification scheme of the calculation method and the criteria to be met by a calculation method in order to comply with this European Standard.
The purpose of this European Standard is to validate calculation methods used to:
- evaluate the maximum cooling load for equipment selection and cooling system design;
- evaluate the temperature profile when the cooling capacity of the system is reduced;
- provide data for evaluation of the optimum possibilities for load reduction;
- allow analysis of partial loads as required for system design, operation and control.
The validation procedure is used to check the room sensible heat balance model, taking into account:
- the external surface heat balance;
- the conduction through the building envelope;
- the effect of the thermal mass of the structures;
- the internal surface heat balance;
- the air heat balance;
- the heat balance solution method.
All other aspects are given either by fixed boundary conditions or by input data and are not in the focus of the model validation. It is assumed that for all these other matters e.g. embedded heating and cooling systems, prescriptive models have to be used according to existing European Standards.
Informative Annex A gives a simplified method for cooling load calculation.
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Workshop of the
ISSMGE TC40 (Forensic Geotechnical Engineering) Hungary
Failures, Disputes, Causes and Solutions in Geotechnics
24-25 September 2010
Budapest, Hungary
Author: Christian Kutzner | Size: 22 MB | Format:PDF | Publisher: Taylor & Francis | Year: 1997 | pages: 342 | ISBN: ISBN-13: 978-9054106821
This text methodically demonstrates the basic rules for the design criteria of earthfill and rockfill dams. It expertly guides the reader from preliminary work through the design of various embankment dams and on to the construction and finally the control of safety in completed structures.
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Description
Proceedings of sessions of GeoShanghai 2010, held in Shanghai, China, June 3-5, 2010. Hosted by Tongji University, China; Shanghai Society of Civil Engineering, China; Chinese Institution of Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, China. In cooperation with Alaska University Transportation Center, USA; Geo-Institute of ASCE, USA; Deep Foundation Institute, USA; East China Architectural Design and Research Institute Company, China; Georgia Institute of Technology, USA; Nagoya Institute of Technology, Japan; Transportation Research Board, USA; University of Newcastle, Australia; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA; University of Kansas, USA; University of Tennessee, USA; Vienna University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Austria.
This Geotechnical Special Publication contains 73 papers examining bound and unbound material characterization, modeling, and performance of highway and airfield pavements. Pavement design and paving material selection are important for efficient, cost-effective, durable, and safe transportation infrastructure.
Topics include:
* asphalt paving materials characterization and modeling;
* concrete pavement technology
* pavement base materials
* pavement performance and analysis
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THESIS - Design of walls with linear elastic finite element methods
Author: Marc Romans | Size: 3.94 MB | Format:PDF | Publisher: Delft University of Technology | Year: 2010 | pages: 123 | ISBN: none
Abstract
This thesis focuses on the design of reinforced concrete walls with the use of linear elastic finite element methods. Since the introduction of Eurocode EN1992, the set of design standards in which design requirements related to concrete structures are committed to paper, it is allowed to derive the required amount of reinforcement directly from the membrane forces which follow from a linear elastic finite element analysis. This method deviates however at some points considerably from common design methods. Compared to the common design methods the moment diagram is for example no longer shifted over a specific distance during the design of beams to prevent failure due to the development of inclined bending cracks. In addition, the assumed linear elastic isotropic material behavior in the finite element analyses results in the computation of load transfer mechanisms which deviate considerably from mechanisms which are expected to develop in practice. These deviations gave rise to analyze this recently approved design method in further detail, indicated by the term linear elastic finite element method (LE-FEM) henceforth.
The linear elastic finite element method is verified by considering a large number of single- and several two-span beams. The required reinforcement of these beams is determined with LE-FEM by taking all relevant provisions of the Eurocodes into account. In a subsequent step the structural behavior of the considered beams was analyzed by means of a non-linear finite element analysis, in which a similar level of reliability was taken into account as during the design process. These nonlinear analyses, which are performed in ATENA, are capable to predict the actual behavior of concrete.
Structural analyses of the considered specimen led to the following main conclusions:
· Assuming linear elastic material behavior of concrete for reinforcement design with LE-FEM of structures does not approximate concrete behavior in an accurate way.
· No direct relation is found between the limited amount of longitudinal reinforcement which reaches the supports and the observed failure mode. Concrete crushing in the compressive zone, caused by flexural deformations, turned out to be the normative failure mode.
· Reinforcement designs according to LE-FEM of the considered beams do not meet requirement related to crack control in the serviceability limit state. It is not possible to determine the stresses in the required distributed reinforcement without the application of advanced (non-linear) methods, since there is no direct relation between the applied load and stress development in individual reinforcement bars.
· Design of structures with LE-FEM which are loaded by a compressive force and contain symmetrical reinforcement, such as columns, results in an overestimation of the concrete compressive strength since eccentricities and second order effects are left out of consideration.
· Redistribution of considered two-span beams in case differential support settlements appear is insufficient to withstand settlements which are allowed by the codes.
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This European Standard defines terms, which are used in the production and application of screed material and floor screeds. The terms are valid for all standards prepared by TC 303.
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Verifying the correctness of structural engineering calculations
Author: Douglas William Brown | Size: 1,7 MB | Format:PDF | Publisher: University of Surrey - UK | Year: 2006 | pages: 542 | ISBN: Thesis - No ISBN
Approximately 50% of calculations submitted to building control departments for approval are now produced by computer. Engineers say that due to the pressure of work in the design office, checking is not as thorough as they would like. From the starting position that the data has been checked, this research develops an extensive set of models which are self checking and have each been verified with sets of automatically generated data providing extensive coverage for each model. All systems are described in sufficient detail such that they may be used by others.
The systems developed for verifying the correctness of structural engineering calculations, based on:
• the inclusion of an automatic self-check in every structural model
• the development of a parameter specification table permitting
• the automatic generation of engineered sets of test data for each model
• the automatic running of the sets of test data for a thousand runs for each model
• the automatic reporting of the results giving a statistical summary are all new to the field of structural engineering.
Verifying the correctness of structural engineering calculations considers calculations for both the structural analysis of frameworks and the structural design of components such as beams, slabs & columns, and develops a unified approach for the development of Verified Models for both types of calculation. In this thesis, verifying means establishing the truth or correctness of software models by examination or demonstration.
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My note: As a title said, it's a beginning book - very basic - Useful for students introductory to basis machines dynamics.
At Commtest we know that vibration monitoring can be an easy and painless task – not a mysterious art. We have written Beginner’s Guide to Machine Vibration to give you the key information you need to increase your profits using a vb vibration monitoring instrument.
Engineers, technicians, machine operators, and accountants will be able to quickly grasp the concepts presented in this book. The Author have avoided complicated mathematics and physics formulas, focusing on just the principle concepts necessary for performing basic vibration monitoring. The text is interspersed with simple diagrams, and care has been taken to use everyday language wherever possible.
We are confident that once you are armed with a vb vibration monitoring instrument and after a few readings of Beginner’s Guide to Machine Vibration, you will be able to perform basic vibration monitoring.
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Author: JOHN L.CLARKE (Editor) | Size: 2.7 MB | Format:PDF | Publisher: Blackie Academic & Professional, an imprint of Chapman & Hall | Year: 1993 | pages: 161 | ISBN: 0203795903; 0751400068
Lightweight aggregate concrete is covered, briefly, in most structural design codes but reference is generally made to specialist documents for more detailed information. This book aims to bring together all aspects of the material, considering the manufacture of the aggregates, mix design and construction, design requirements and specific applications in buildings, bridges and other structures. Information has been included not only from the UK but also from the rest of Europe, the USA and Japan. The authors of the various chapters all have extensive experience of lightweight aggregate concrete and are drawn from all branches of the industry.
This book is intended for all those who may be concerned with lightweight aggregate concrete, be they specifiers, materials suppliers, designers, contractors or the eventual owners of the building or structure. It is hoped that, by dealing with all the aspects, this book will help lightweight aggregate concrete to achieve its rightful place in construction.
This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005.
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