Consumables for mild steels 5
Consumables for low-alloyed steels 87
Consumables for stainless and high-alloyed steels 187
Consumables for aluminium alloys 311
Consumables for nickel-based alloys 339
Consumables for copper-based alloys 365
Consumables for cast iron 381
Consumables for dissimilar materials 389
Consumables for hardfacing 411
Special products 457
Packaging and spool types 471
Storage and handling 481
Quick guide for the selection of welding consumables 485
General information and tables 499
Index 523
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Overview stainless steel consumables 4
Consumable selection by parent material 8
Covered electrodes for MMA welding 10
Solid wires for MIG/MAG welding 42
Welding of exhaust systems. 49
Wires for TIG Welding 50
Orbital-TIG – a great way to join pipes 57
Tubular cored wires for MIG/MAG welding 58
Construction of chemical tankers with cored wires 66
Fluxes for submerged arc welding 67
The stainless steel cladding process 75
Facts about Stainless Steels 76
Corrosion 81
Ferrite in weld metals 82
Joining of Dissimilar Steels 86
Storage and handling 90
Global manufacturing 91
page
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Every day, welders throughout the world encounter the initials OK on the consumables
they use. OK for Oscar Kjellberg, the founder of Esab AB. Oscar
Kjellberg first invented a new welding technique and followed it up with the
covered electrode. These inventions are the origins of Esab.
Oscar Kjellberg qualified as an engineer and worked for several years on
a couple of Swedish steamships. It was during this period at the end of the
1890s that he came across the problem for which there was no effective solution
at that time. The riveted joints on steam boilers often leaked. Attempts were
made to repair the leaking joints with nails which were forged to produce small
wedges which were then pushed into the joints. Simple electrical welding was
already in use, but Oscar Kjellberg had seen electrical welding repairs and the
results were poor, as there were still cracks and pores.
He realized, however, that the method could be developed and was
supported by the leading shipyards. Oscar Kjellberg set up a small experimental
workshop in the harbour in Göteborg.
In the shipyards of Göteborg, the method quickly attracted a great deal of
interest. It was obvious that it could provide tremendous benefits when welding
and repairing ships. Since then, this repair technique has been further
developed and implemented in other segments.
Today, Esab can offer repair and maintenance consumables for most materials
and welding processes.
In this handbook, you will find Esab Repair & Maintenance products and a
number of applications in which these products are used. The products shown
for each application are general recommendations and should only be used as
a guide.
For further product information, please refer to the ESAB Welding Handbook
or to your local Esab dealer.
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Presentation
Every day countless kilometres of steel pipelines are installed
worldwide for the most varied civil and industrial uses.
They form real networks comparable to a system of road networks,
which, although not so obvious, are definitely much more intricate and
carry fluids that have become essential for us.
To comply with technical specifications and fulfil the necessary safety
requisites, special materials and welding processes which have
evolved with the sector have been developed in recent years.
The main welding process used to install the pipelines is manual
welding with coated electrode, which, thanks to its ease and
versatility, is still the one most used.
However, to limit costs and increase welding productivity, particularly
on long routes, various constructors have adopted the semi-automatic
or completely automatic welding process with solid wire or wire
flux coated with gaseous protection.
This handbook describes both methods. Ample space has been
dedicated, in particular, to manual welding, with particular reference to
the operative practice and quality assessment, due to its considerable
use still today, but not neglecting more modern and productive
methods which will be increasingly used in future.
The presumption of this work is to be able to satisfy the most
demanding technician and welder, but, in particular, to supply each
user with useful information and a solid operative basis, as regards
the processes and filler materials and the welding equipment.
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Author: F. R. N. NABARRO-J. P. HIRTH | Size: 12.7 MB | Format:PDF | Quality:Original preprint | Publisher: Elsevier | Year: 2004 | pages: 603 | ISBN: 0-444-51483-X (volume)-0-444-85269-7 (set)-1572-4859
Preface
This is the first volume to appear under our joint editorship. While Volume 11 concentrated
on the single topic of dislocations and work hardening, the present volume spreads
over the whole range of the study of dislocations from the application by Kléman and
his colleagues of homotopy theory to classifying the line and point defects of mesomorphic
phases to Chaudhri’s account of the experimental observations of dislocations formed
around indentations.
Chaper 64, by Cai, Bulatov, Chang and Yip, discusses the influence of the structure of
the core of a dislocation on its mobility. The power of modern computation allows this
topic to be treated from the first principles of electron theory, and with empirical potentials
for more complicated problems. Advances in electron microscopy allow these theoretical
predictions to be tested.
In Chapter 65, Xu analyzes the emission of dislocations from the tip of a crack and its
influence on the brittle to ductile transition. Again, the treatment is predominantly theoretical,
but it is consistently related to the very practical example of alpha iron.
In a dazzling interplay of experiment and abstract mathematics, Kléman, Lavrentovich
and Nastishin analyze the line and point structural defects of the many mesomorphic phases
which have become known in recent years.
Chapter 67, by Coupeau,Girard and Rabier, is essentially experimental. It shows howthe
various modern techniques of scanning probe microscopy can be used to study dislocations
and their interaction with the free surface.
Chapter 68, by Mitchell and Heuer, considers the complex dislocations that can form in
ceramic crystals on the basis of observations by transmission electron microscopy and
presents mechanistic models for the motion of the dislocations in various temperature
regimes.
While the underlying aim of the study of dislocations in energetic crystals by Armstrong
and Elban in Chapter 69 is to understand the role of dislocations in the process of detonation,
it has the wider interest of studying dislocations in molecular crystals which are
“elastically soft, plastically hard, and brittle”.
Chaudhri in Chapter 70 discusses the role of dislocations in indentation processes,
largely on the basis of the elastic analysis by E.H. Yoffe. The special case of nanoindentations
is treated only briefly.
F.R.N. Nabarro
J.P. Hirth
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Forewords
The CuproBraze brazing handbook is a way to share the latest knowledge regarding the CuproBraze process. It deals with technical questions in general. The CuproBraze process is rather young and developments in different areas are still on-going. Therefore, all recommendations in the handbook should be seen as advice, sometimes better or other ways to success can be found. The handbook will be updated from time to time and if there are any questions or other matters which should be included, please contact editors.
The handbook is based on the original manuscript of Leif Tapper, who has retired when this edition comes out.
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Contents
1. General
1.1 Efficient heat exchangers
1.2 Technology development
1.3 Effects of annealing
1.4 Soldering and brazing
2. Copper alloys
2.1 Fin material
2.2 Tube material
2.3 Brass material for headers, side supports and similar applications
2.4 Strength at elevated temperatures
3. Filler materials
3.1 Brazing powder
3.2 Brazing foil
3.3 Brazing paste
4. Paste application
4.1 Paste on tubes
4.2 Paste on fin tips
4.3 Tube-to-header joints
5. Fabrication and assembly of components
5.1 Tube fabrication
5.2 HF-welded tubes
5.3 Folded tubes
5.4 Fins
5.5 Headers
5.6 Surface conditions
5.7 Brazing fixtures and assemblies
6. Brazing operation
6.1 Atmosphere
6.2 Temperature and time
7. Selecting a furnace
7.1 Batch furnace
7.2 Semi-continuous furnace
7.3 Continuous furnace
7.4 Heating source
7.5 Process emissions
8. Corrosion resistance
8.1 Cleaning after brazing
8.2 lnternal corrosion
8.3 External corrosion
8.4 Coatings
9. Special brazing processes
9.1 One shot brazing
9.2 Brazing of parts with internal turbulators (CAC)
9.3 Splitter fin together with CuproBraze
9.4 Brazing of steel parts
10 Quality check
10.1 Visual inspection in general
Reparability
11.1 Soldering
11.2 Re-brazing
11.3 Brazing with AgCu filler metals
12. Troubleshooting
13. Luvata Brazing Center
14. Getting started
14.1 Contacts
14.2 Web sites
14.3 Regular publications
14.4 Recent technical literature
15. CuproBraze in brief
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Like the rest of Haynes' manuals, concise and to the point. Well written and good layout as well. As noted above by others, it's divided off into chapters each covers first the history and theory behind the various types of welding, and then a general walk-through of the use. It covers the basics from someone who's walking into welding cold (er, bad pun, sorry) not necessarily a handbook for a welding student. In its defense, this is admitted within its pages. Still i found it to be a useful addition to my shop library. It was interesting reading, as well as a good primer for someone who is looking into starting up a welding rig. If you think you're ready to buy your first welder, i recommend you take a look at this. Well worth the couple of bucks. One last point, as with all technical books, keep an eye out for the newest editions. Advancements are always making tech manuals slightly out of date. Not a real big concern as far as welding, but something to keep an eye on.
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