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This manual has been developed for training and use during the FY 2003 network distress surveys. Improvements in distress survey methods and condition ratings are expected to continuously evolve and will be incorporated into this manual by yearly changes. This manual describes the methods to be used for conducting visual evaluations of flexible and jointed concrete pavement distresses. It was formatted to be read and printed as an Adobe .pdf file.
The survey procedures provide a method of determining pavement condition through observation and recording the presence of specific types defects or distresses in the pavement surface.
The 3 elements of the pavement distress rating are as follows:
1. The type of distress.
2. The severity of the distress.
3. The extent to which the road surface is affected by the distress.
There may be several types of severity and extents for each distress. These are described and illustrated in the following pages of this manual.
The rating system was developed considering the following objectives: (1) to record conditions that can effect pavement performance, (2) to facilitate consistent results from several different
individuals with limited survey experience observing and measuring from the shoulder of the pavement, and (3) cost effectiveness. Some conditions that can affect performance are not included because of the expected difficulty in achieving consistency among raters. The definitions of severity and extent could be different if the conditions were rated through the windshield when driving the road, were mapped, or determined from photo images. Generally conditions will be surveyed in the outside travel lane in the positive direction (reference post numbers increasing in the direction of traffic). If safety or traffic require a different lane or direction, indicate in comment field when recording data. Except for Bleeding and Raveling, record the extent of each severity of each type of distress. When rating the width of an individual crack, use the predominant or average width, not the extremes. Cracks often vary in width and the intent is to rate the overall severity of the crack.
Severity is not rated for Skin Patching, Potholes, and Edge Drop Off. The relative sun angle and direction of viewing the roadway surface can affect your visual observation. Be sure to view the pavement from more than one direction occasionally during the survey to assure the true nature of the pavement surface is being observed. The time of year and weather (moisture and temperature) conditions over a given time period can also affect the severity and visibility of certain distresses. If practicable, rate the roadway only while the pavement is dry.
Field Safety
The safety of raters and motorists is of primary importance when surveying. Remember the following:
• TURN ON THE VEHICLE FLASHING YELLOW LIGHT WHEN SURVEYING,
TURN OFF WHEN NOT SURVEYING.
• HATS AND SAFETY VESTS WORN AT ALL TIMES.
• SURVEYS TO BE PERFORMED FROM THE ROADWAY SHOULDER
• ESTIMATE CRACK WIDTH FROM SHOULDER
• CONDUCT SURVEYS WITH ONE EYE ON TRAFFIC
• SUMMARIZE OUT OF HARM'S WAY
• DO NOT CHASE HATS OR FORMS
• DO NOT CONDUCT SURVEYS IN THE RAIN
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Author: State of California Department of Transportation Pavement Standards Team & Division of Design | Size: 3.6 MB | Format:PDF | Quality:Original preprint | Publisher: State of California Department of Transportation Pavement Standards Team & Division of Design | Year: 2007 | pages: 134
DISCLAIMER
This manual is intended for the use of Caltrans and non-Caltrans personnel on projects on the State Highway System regardless of funding source. Engineers and agencies developing projects off the State Highway System may use this manual at their own discretion. Caltrans is not responsible for any work outside of Caltrans performed by non-Caltrans personnel using this manual.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................8
1.1 Purpose of This Manual........................................................................................................8
1.2 Background..........................................................................................................................8
1.3 Caltrans’ Policy.....................................................................................................................9
CHAPTER 2 - LCCA...................................................................................................................11
2.1 Design alternatives.............................................................................................................12
4.1.1 Provisions for Selecting Design Alternatives...........................................................12
4.1.2 Selecting Design Alternatives...................................................................................15
2.2 Analysis Period...................................................................................................................17
2.3 Discount Rate......................................................................................................................19
2.4 Maintenance and Rehabilitation Sequences.......................................................................20
2.5 Estimating Costs.................................................................................................................24
2.5.1 Initial Costs...................................................................................................................25
2.5.2 Maintenance Costs........................................................................................................26
2.5.3 Rehabilitation Costs......................................................................................................27
2.5.4 User Costs.....................................................................................................................34
2.5.5 Remaining Service Life Value......................................................................................35
2.6 Calculating Life-Cycle Costs..............................................................................................35
CHAPTER 3 - Using RealCost.....................................................................................................37
3.1 Methodology......................................................................................................................37
3.2 Installing & Starting RealCost...........................................................................................39
3.3 Project Inputs......................................................................................................................41
3.3.1 Project Details...............................................................................................................41
3.3.2 Analysis Options...........................................................................................................43
3.3.3 Traffic Data...................................................................................................................45
3.3.4 Value of User Time......................................................................................................51
3.3.6 Added Time and Vehicle Stopping Costs.....................................................................54
3.3.7 Save Project-Level Inputs.............................................................................................56
3.3.8 Alternative-Level Inputs..............................................................................................56
3.5 Input Warnings and Errors..................................................................................................69
3.6 Simulation and Outputs......................................................................................................70
3.7 Administrative Functions....................................................................................................73
CHAPTER 4 – Analyzing LCCA Results....................................................................................74
4.1 Status of the LCCA Procedures Manual.......................................................................75
4.2 RealCost.......................................................................................................................75
4.2.1 Project Conditions and RealCost..............................................................................76
4.3 Agency and User Costs.................................................................................................77
4.3.1 Limitations of LCCA Results...................................................................................78
4.3.2 Comparing Agency & User Costs.............................................................................79
4.3.3 Choosing an Alternative...........................................................................................80
4.4 Projects with Different Pavement Design Lives...........................................................80
REFERENCES............................................................................................................................81
APPENDIX 1: glossary and list of acronyms...............................................................................82
APPENDIX 2: List of RealCost Limitations and Bugs...............................................................88
APPENDIX 3: Productivity estimates of typical m&r strategies.................................................89
APPENDIX 4: Typical Pavement M&R Schedules for California..............................................90
APPENDIX 5: TRAFFIC INPUTS ESTIMATION...................................................................126
APPENDIX 6: ALTERNATE PROCEDURE FOR CALCULATING CONSTRUCTION YEAR AADT........................................................................................................................................132
APPENDIX 7: Weekend traffic hourly distribution..................................................................134
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I found this solution manual on the internet, but it is not English, and i don't know that does this solution manual reliable or not, please, if anyone had the original solution manual share it, thanks.
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Moderator Note:
Instead of the formulas are comprehensible, It's a NON ENGLISH post (Farsi probably) and make it not full useful.
According our forum rules, this post will be moved to Bad Posts temporarily, and, if no English version be found, removed.
Sorry.
Author: Edited by Johann Sjöblom Universitetet i Bergen Bergen, Norway | Size: 22.9 MB | Format:PDF | Quality:Original preprint | Publisher: Taylor & Francis Group | Year: 2006 | pages: 671
Emulsions and Emulsion Stability, Second Edition provides comprehensive coverage of both theoretical and practical aspects of emulsions. The book presents fundamental concepts and processes in emulsified systems, such as flocculation, coalescence, stability, precipitation, deposition, and the evolution of droplet size distribution.
The book explains how to predict emulsion stability and determine droplet sizes in a variety of emulsion systems. It discusses spontaneous emulsification and the formation of “nanoemulsions” as well as droplet-droplet interactions in different electrical fields (electrocoalescence), and the formulation, composition, and preparation variables that contribute to the inversion in emulsion systems. Several chapters emphasize applications such as emulsification encountered in oil spills, asphalt, chemical flooding, acid crude oils, and large-scale industrial wastewater treatment. The survey of experimental characterization methods highlights the importance of thin liquid films in colloidal systems and assesses different NMR applications, ultrasound characterization, video microscopy, and other on-line instrumentation. The last chapter in the book deals with obtaining conductivity measurements as an alternative to online instrumentation.
Completely revised and expanded, this second edition of Emulsions and Emulsion Stability offers a well-rounded collection of knowledge that is applicable to all academic and industrial scientists and researchers in the fields of surfactant and emulsion science.
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Author: Prof. M. S. Sivakumar | Size: 1.8 MB | Format:PDF | Quality:Original preprint | Publisher: Indian Institute of Technology Madras | pages: 50
Contents: Free body diagram - Revisited; Normal, shear and bearing stress; Stress on inclined planes under axial loading; Strain; Mechanical properties of materials; True stress and true strain; Poissons ratio; Elasticity and Plasticity; Creep and fatigue; Deformation in axially loaded members; Statically indeterminate problems; Thermal effect; Design considerations; Strain energy; Impact loading
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Pipeline Pigging and Inspection Technology, 2nd Ed.
Author: John Tiratsoo | Size: 19,1 MB | Format:PDF | Quality:Scanner | Publisher: Gulf Professional Publishing | Year: 1992, Feb | pages: 478 | ISBN: 0872014266
This reference focuses on oil, gas, and products pipeline, both on- and offshore. You'll understand why, when, and how to pig a line.
Why pig a pipeline? This paper introduces a number of reasons for doing so, together with a discussion of the advantages and alternatives. In general terms, however, pigging is not an operation to be undertaken lightly. There are often technical problems to be resolved and the operation requires careful control and co-ordination.
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Seismic codes are unique to a particular region or
country. They take into account the local seismology,
accepted level of seismic risk, building typologies, and
materials and methods used in construction. Further,
they are indicative of the level of progress a country
has made in the field of earthquake engineering.
The first formal seismic code in India, namely IS
1893, was published in 1962. Today, the Bureau of
Indian Standards (BIS) has the following seismic codes:
IS 1893 (Part I), 2002, Indian Standard Criteria for
Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures (5th Revision)
IS 4326, 1993, Indian Standard Code of Practice for
Earthquake Resistant Design and Construction of
Buildings (2nd Revision)
IS 13827, 1993, Indian Standard Guidelines for Improving
Earthquake Resistance of Earthen Buildings
IS 13828, 1993, Indian Standard Guidelines for Improving
Earthquake Resistance of Low Strength Masonry
Buildings
IS 13920, 1993, Indian Standard Code of Practice for
Ductile Detailing of Reinforced Concrete Structures
IS 13935, 1993, Indian Standard Guidelines for Repair and
Seismic Strengthening of Buildings
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SP 22(S&T)-1982 Explanatory Handbook on Codes for Earthquake Engineering published by bearau of Indian standards has reviewed the codes critically and has some solved examples [/align]
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Influence of Axial Stress on Shear Response of Reinforced Concrete Elements
Document: 108-S70
Author(s): Liping Xie, Evan C. Bentz, and Michael P. Collins
Publication: ACI Structural Journal
Volume: 108
Issue: 6
Date: November 1, 2011
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