Life Cycle Cost Analysis for Pavement Type Selection
Author: South Carolina Department of Transportation/FHWA | Size: 0.7 MB | Format:PDF | Quality:Original preprint | Publisher: South Carolina Department of Transportation/FHWA | Year: 2008 | pages: 141
This report summarizes the findings from a research investigation conducted to evaluate LCCA practices
among state highway agencies for pavement type selection process, and proposes a probabilistic LCCA
approach for use in South Carolina. This investigation was based on analysis of data obtained from a
preliminary and a final survey of states across the U.S. and provinces across Canada. The surveys were
designed to gauge the level of LCCA activity in different states as well as to solicit information on specific
approaches that each state is taking for pavement type selection. The responses obtained from the surveys
were analyzed to observe the trends and ranges of various input parameters that feed into the LCCA process.
Based on the data from surveys, selected states whose LCCA practices exemplified a progressive and a
comprehensive approach were identified and further questioned on specific aspects of their respective LCCA
approaches. Based on this analysis, a probabilistic-based LCCA approach is proposed for use with pavementtype
selection process in South Carolina. Also, specific recommendations on range of values for different
input parameters based on the survey data are made. Where no adequate database exists for certain LCCA
input parameters, suggestions are offered for developing a database of values for future use .
In addition to developing a protocol for a probabilistic LCCA approach, different LCCA software
such as REALCOST, DARWin and other customized software used by specific states were explored.
Amongst these, REALCOST software developed by Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) was found to
be widely used by several state agencies and most comprehensive in its treatment of different input
parameters. Further, FHWA has been instrumental in providing support to customize the REALCOST
software to meet individual state’s needs. Based on these findings, REALCOST software was proposed as
preferred software for use with conducting LCCA for pavement-type selection.
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Sulfur in asphalt and asphalt mixtures used in paving application
Author: R. Michael Anderson | Size: 0.5 MB | Format:PDF | Quality:Unspecified | Publisher: Asphalt Institute | Year: 2005 | pages: 147
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Selection, Scaling And Simulation Of Input
Ground Motion For Time History Analysis
Of Structures
YASIN M. FAHJAN
Department of Earthquake and Structural Sciences
Gebze Institute of Technology, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey [email protected]
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A paper to accompany the presentation by the same author:
PROCEDURES FOR REAL EARTHQUAKE TIME HISTORIES SCALING AND APPLICATION TO FIT IRANIAN DESIGN SPECTRA by Y. M. Fahjan, Z. Ozdemir and H. Keypour
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More Stuff:
Check the software EZ-Frisk
I've seen several threads in this forum
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I need these paper:
1. Structural Effects of Foundation Tilt on Storage Tanks
S C Palmer, MA, CEng, FIMechE
Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E: Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering August 1992 vol. 206 no. 2 83-92
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2. Stresses in Storage Tanks Caused by Differential Settlement
S C Palmer
Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E: Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering February 1994 vol. 208 no. 1 5-16
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This is the first out of two articles that will present some basic tips for the preliminary design of steel trusses.
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Hojjat Adeli received his Ph.D. in Civil/Structural Engineering from Stanford University in 1976. He is currently the Abba G. Lichtenstein Professor of Civil Engineering at The Ohio State University. He has authored over 450 research publications including 14 books. He is a Distinguished Member of American Society of Civil Engineers, a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and the Founder and Editor-in-Chief of the international journal Computer-Aided Civil and Infrastructure Engineering.
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Size: 1.3 MB | Format:PDF | Quality:Original preprint | Publisher: Telecommunications Industry Association | Year: April 2007 | pages: 58
I do not know any Chinese language, but it appears that you can download the TIA-222-G Add. 1 from the baidu website. I think you need 2 "Caifu Zhi" points in order to download it. If someone can please do this it would be very much appreciated.
It does appear possible to take screen shots of the entire pdf document. However, I'd rather try for the original pdf document first. Thank you.
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Forward
This manual has been developed for training and use during the FY 2003 network distress surveys. Improvements in distress survey methods and condition ratings are expected to continuously evolve and will be incorporated into this manual by yearly changes. This manual describes the methods to be used for conducting visual evaluations of flexible and jointed concrete pavement distresses. It was formatted to be read and printed as an Adobe .pdf file.
The survey procedures provide a method of determining pavement condition through observation and recording the presence of specific types defects or distresses in the pavement surface.
The 3 elements of the pavement distress rating are as follows:
1. The type of distress.
2. The severity of the distress.
3. The extent to which the road surface is affected by the distress.
There may be several types of severity and extents for each distress. These are described and illustrated in the following pages of this manual.
The rating system was developed considering the following objectives: (1) to record conditions that can effect pavement performance, (2) to facilitate consistent results from several different
individuals with limited survey experience observing and measuring from the shoulder of the pavement, and (3) cost effectiveness. Some conditions that can affect performance are not included because of the expected difficulty in achieving consistency among raters. The definitions of severity and extent could be different if the conditions were rated through the windshield when driving the road, were mapped, or determined from photo images. Generally conditions will be surveyed in the outside travel lane in the positive direction (reference post numbers increasing in the direction of traffic). If safety or traffic require a different lane or direction, indicate in comment field when recording data. Except for Bleeding and Raveling, record the extent of each severity of each type of distress. When rating the width of an individual crack, use the predominant or average width, not the extremes. Cracks often vary in width and the intent is to rate the overall severity of the crack.
Severity is not rated for Skin Patching, Potholes, and Edge Drop Off. The relative sun angle and direction of viewing the roadway surface can affect your visual observation. Be sure to view the pavement from more than one direction occasionally during the survey to assure the true nature of the pavement surface is being observed. The time of year and weather (moisture and temperature) conditions over a given time period can also affect the severity and visibility of certain distresses. If practicable, rate the roadway only while the pavement is dry.
Field Safety
The safety of raters and motorists is of primary importance when surveying. Remember the following:
• TURN ON THE VEHICLE FLASHING YELLOW LIGHT WHEN SURVEYING,
TURN OFF WHEN NOT SURVEYING.
• HATS AND SAFETY VESTS WORN AT ALL TIMES.
• SURVEYS TO BE PERFORMED FROM THE ROADWAY SHOULDER
• ESTIMATE CRACK WIDTH FROM SHOULDER
• CONDUCT SURVEYS WITH ONE EYE ON TRAFFIC
• SUMMARIZE OUT OF HARM'S WAY
• DO NOT CHASE HATS OR FORMS
• DO NOT CONDUCT SURVEYS IN THE RAIN
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Author: State of California Department of Transportation Pavement Standards Team & Division of Design | Size: 3.6 MB | Format:PDF | Quality:Original preprint | Publisher: State of California Department of Transportation Pavement Standards Team & Division of Design | Year: 2007 | pages: 134
DISCLAIMER
This manual is intended for the use of Caltrans and non-Caltrans personnel on projects on the State Highway System regardless of funding source. Engineers and agencies developing projects off the State Highway System may use this manual at their own discretion. Caltrans is not responsible for any work outside of Caltrans performed by non-Caltrans personnel using this manual.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................8
1.1 Purpose of This Manual........................................................................................................8
1.2 Background..........................................................................................................................8
1.3 Caltrans’ Policy.....................................................................................................................9
CHAPTER 2 - LCCA...................................................................................................................11
2.1 Design alternatives.............................................................................................................12
4.1.1 Provisions for Selecting Design Alternatives...........................................................12
4.1.2 Selecting Design Alternatives...................................................................................15
2.2 Analysis Period...................................................................................................................17
2.3 Discount Rate......................................................................................................................19
2.4 Maintenance and Rehabilitation Sequences.......................................................................20
2.5 Estimating Costs.................................................................................................................24
2.5.1 Initial Costs...................................................................................................................25
2.5.2 Maintenance Costs........................................................................................................26
2.5.3 Rehabilitation Costs......................................................................................................27
2.5.4 User Costs.....................................................................................................................34
2.5.5 Remaining Service Life Value......................................................................................35
2.6 Calculating Life-Cycle Costs..............................................................................................35
CHAPTER 3 - Using RealCost.....................................................................................................37
3.1 Methodology......................................................................................................................37
3.2 Installing & Starting RealCost...........................................................................................39
3.3 Project Inputs......................................................................................................................41
3.3.1 Project Details...............................................................................................................41
3.3.2 Analysis Options...........................................................................................................43
3.3.3 Traffic Data...................................................................................................................45
3.3.4 Value of User Time......................................................................................................51
3.3.6 Added Time and Vehicle Stopping Costs.....................................................................54
3.3.7 Save Project-Level Inputs.............................................................................................56
3.3.8 Alternative-Level Inputs..............................................................................................56
3.5 Input Warnings and Errors..................................................................................................69
3.6 Simulation and Outputs......................................................................................................70
3.7 Administrative Functions....................................................................................................73
CHAPTER 4 – Analyzing LCCA Results....................................................................................74
4.1 Status of the LCCA Procedures Manual.......................................................................75
4.2 RealCost.......................................................................................................................75
4.2.1 Project Conditions and RealCost..............................................................................76
4.3 Agency and User Costs.................................................................................................77
4.3.1 Limitations of LCCA Results...................................................................................78
4.3.2 Comparing Agency & User Costs.............................................................................79
4.3.3 Choosing an Alternative...........................................................................................80
4.4 Projects with Different Pavement Design Lives...........................................................80
REFERENCES............................................................................................................................81
APPENDIX 1: glossary and list of acronyms...............................................................................82
APPENDIX 2: List of RealCost Limitations and Bugs...............................................................88
APPENDIX 3: Productivity estimates of typical m&r strategies.................................................89
APPENDIX 4: Typical Pavement M&R Schedules for California..............................................90
APPENDIX 5: TRAFFIC INPUTS ESTIMATION...................................................................126
APPENDIX 6: ALTERNATE PROCEDURE FOR CALCULATING CONSTRUCTION YEAR AADT........................................................................................................................................132
APPENDIX 7: Weekend traffic hourly distribution..................................................................134
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