Properties of Concrete Using Crushed Brick as Aggregate
Author: Ali A. Akhtaruzzaman and Abdul Hasnat | Size: ?? MB | Format:PDF | Quality:Unspecified | Publisher: Concrete International, Volume: 5, Issue: 02 | Year: February 1, 1983 | pages: 58-63
Abstract:
Four grades of concrete made with crushed brick as aggregate were tested to determine their physical and mechanical properties. Nominal compressive strength ranged from 2000 to 5000 psi (13.8 to 34.5 MPa). Test results compared favorably with those for normal weight concrete as obtained from the ACI code equations. In general, for the same grade of concrete the modulus of elasticity is about 30 percent lower and tensile strength is about 11 percent higher than normal weight concrete. Empirical equations predicting modulus of elasticity and tensile strength of brick aggregate concrete have been derived. Brick aggregate can be used to produce high-grade quality concrete. The unit weight is about 125 to 130 lb per ft3 (2000 to 2080 kg/m3). As the properties of brick aggregate concrete lie between those of normal weight and lightweight concrete, it may be classified as medium weight concrete.
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This text offers a systematic and practical introduction to the discontinuous finite element method. It moves from a brief review of the fundamental laws and equations governing thermal and fluid systems, through a discussion of different approaches to the formulation of discontinuous finite element solutions for boundary and initial value problems, to their applicaton in a variety of thermal-system and fluid-related problems. Mesh generation and adaptivity, parellelization algorithms and error analysis are also introduced and explained. Each chapter features worked examples and exercises illustrating situations ranging from simple benchmarks to practical engineering questions. The book forms a foundation of senior undergraduate and graduate learning and also provides scientists, applied mathematicians and research engineers with a thorough treatment of basic concepts, specific techniques and methods for the use of discontinuous Galerkin methods in fluid dynamics and heat transfer applications.
I'm looking for a European (or any other) standard where the measuring and experimental determination of Poisson's ratio and Shear modulus is described for concrete.
Structural engineers are concerned with the consequences of shrinkage, creep and cracking on the serviceability and durability of their structures. Creep increases deflections, reduces prestress in prestressed concrete elements, and causes redistribution of internal force resultants in redundant structures. Shrinkage can cause warping of slabs on grade due to differential drying and increased deflections of non-symmetrically reinforced concrete elements. Materials scientists are concerned with understanding the basic phenomena and assessing new materials and the effects of admixtures on the mechanical behavior of concrete.
Concrete is an age stiffening material that has little tensile strength, shrinks, and exhibits creep in sealed conditions and additional creep in drying environments. Predicting the amount of shrinkage and deflection that may occur is not easy and is especially complicated in concrete that contains supplementary materials, chemical admixtures, and lightweight aggregates. Supplementary cementing materials and waste products are being used in increasing volumes in response to environmental concerns. Admixtures have been developed to modify the behavior of fresh and hardened concrete. Self consolidating concrete is being used in more applications. A recent development is the marketing of shrinkage reducing admixtures.
This volume contains papers presented during four sessions sponsored by ACI Committee 209, Creep and Shrinkage in Concrete, and ACI Committee 231, Properties of Concrete at Early Ages, held at the Spring 2005 Convention. The subjects addressed by the authors are diverse and cover many aspects of shrinkage and creep. Some papers pay special attention to the development, use, and evaluation of models to predict shrinkage, creep, and deflection, while other papers consider the behavior of early age concretes that are restrained from shrinking, resulting in the development of residual stress and cracking.
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Influence of Axial Stress on Shear Response of Reinforced Concrete Elements
Author: Liping Xie, Evan C. Bentz, and Michael P. Collins | Size: 1 MB | Format:PDF | Quality:Unspecified | Publisher: Structural Journal | Year: November 1, 2011 | pages: 10 | ISBN: Volume:108, Issue:6
Abstract:
There is strong disagreement between different code provisions as to the influence of axial stress on shear strength. To examine this influence, six nominally identical reinforced concrete elements representing web regions of girders or walls were loaded under different ratios of longitudinal axial stress to shear stress. The results demonstrated that the application of the basic ACI 318-08 shear approach can significantly overestimate both the beneficial effect of compression on shear and the detrimental effect of tension on shear strength. The ACI 318-08 simple expression for the benefits of compression gave excellent predictions, whereas the simple expression for tension was very conservative. The CSA A23.3-04 shear provisions based on the modified compression field theory (MCFT) provided the best code-based estimates of the shear strength. The full MCFT provided not only the best estimates of conditions at failure—including failure shear stresses and failure crack angles for the full range of axial stresses—but also provided predictions of the complete load-deformation response of the elements. For the two highest compression-to-shear ratios, these load-deformation predictions were reasonable, whereas for the other axial load levels, they were excellent.
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