This guide contains the expertise of numerous individuals who have directly assisted the author on many concrete repair projects or freely shared their concrete repair knowledge whenever requested. Their substantial contributions to the preparation of this guide are acknowledged and appreciated. Some of the material in this guide originated in the various editions of Reclamation’s Concrete Manual. The author edited, revised, or updated this information for inclusion herein. Individuals who have been especially helpful to the author include James E. Backstrom, former Reclamation technician. Dr. Dave Harris, Manager, Materials Engineering and Research Laboratory, obtained much of the funding to prepare this guide; Kurt F. Von Fay, Civil Engineer, Materials Engineering and Research Laboratories, performed the peer review; James E. McDonald, Structures Laboratory, Waterways Experiment Station, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, provided editorial reviews of selected information and many useful sug-gestions and participated with the author in several cooperative Reclamation—U.S. Corps of Engineers concrete repair programs.
The assistance of these and numerous other engineers and technicians is gratefully acknowledged.
engineer, mentor, and friend,
deceased; Edward M. Harboe,
Reclamation engineer, retired; U.
Marlin Cash, Reclamation technician,
deceased; Dennis O. Arney,
Reclamation technician, retired;
G.W. DePuy, Reclamation engineer,
former
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The assessment of seismic vulnerability of the existing building stock plays a
key role in the development of instruments aimed at the evaluation and the
mitigation of seismic risk. The investigation of seismic vulnerability of existing
Reinforced Concrete (RC) buildings is of fundamental importance since this
building typology represents a large part of the existing building stock in many
areas subjected to high seismic risk; moreover, the seismic behaviour of these
buildings is often affected by deficiencies due to the absence of compliance
with the modern earthquake engineering design principles or, even, to the
absence of a seismic design.
In this thesis, the seismic vulnerability of existing RC buildings is
investigated from different points of view.
First, an overview of literature methods is carried out, illustrating main
empirical and analytical approaches to large scale vulnerability assessment
(Chapter I).
Hence, in Chapter II the seismic behaviour of existing RC buildings is
investigated through experimental and numerical activities focused on the
deformation capacity of substandard RC members, with emphasis on members
with smooth bars. To this aim, code and literature formulations for the
evaluation of deformation capacity of RC members are illustrated and
discussed; then, based on experimental data, a new proposal for the assessment
of deformation capacity of columns with smooth bars is presented. Then, bond
between steel and concrete for this kind of reinforcement is investigated
through an experimental study and the formulation of an analytical model based
on the obtained data. The influence of the absence of proper transverse
reinforcement details is experimentally investigated, too. Finally, the so-called fixed-end rotation mechanism is studied by means of a two-component
numerical model representing a RC element model, including the anchorage
element.
Capacity models for shear-controlled members and for beam-column joints
are briefly reported and discussed, too.
The seismic behaviour of existing RC buildings is also investigated through
an analysis of observed damage to RC buildings in L’Aquila after the 6th April
2009 earthquake.
Seismic behaviour of RC buildings is also strongly influenced by the
presence of infill walls, as highlighted by earthquake damage observation. In
Chapter III, this issue is illustrated through a discussion of local and global
interaction mechanisms between the RC structure and infill elements. Then, an
analytical investigation of the influence of these elements on the elastic period
of vibration of RC buildings is carried out, leading to the formulation of
simplified expressions, which are compared with empirical and numerical data
from literature.
The influence of infills on the seismic capacity of RC buildings has been
widely investigated in literature by different authors. In Chapter IV, these
studies are presented first. Hence, the seismic capacity of a case study Gravity
Load Designed building with different infill configurations (bare, uniformly
infilled or “pilotis”) is investigated by means of Static Push-Over analyses, thus
highlighting through a sensitivity analysis the influence of main material and
capacity parameters on the seismic capacity of the studied building at different
Limit States. A relative comparison is carried out, also by means of fragility
curves, to analyze the influence of different infill arrangements on the seismic
behaviour.
Finally, a seismic capacity assessment of the case study building is carried
out on simplified models based on a Shear Type assumption. Results obtained
from “exact” and simplified models are compared and discussed.
In Chapter V, a procedure is proposed for the simplified seismic
vulnerability assessment of existing RC buildings, based on the described Shear Type assumption. The proposed method employs few data – such as number of
storeys, global dimensions and type of design – to define the structural model
by means of a simulated design procedure. Nonlinear static response of the
structural model, including infill elements, is characterized, and pushover
analysis is carried out in closed-form. Fragility curves and corresponding failure
probability at different Limit States are calculated, once seismic hazard has
been defined. Finally, the proposed method is applied to the Avellino city
(southern Italy), employing data about building stock from a field survey,
including structural typology, global building dimensions and age of
construction. Obtained results show the influence of main characteristics, such
as the number of storeys and type of design, on the seismic vulnerability of the
building stock.
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COMPONENT BASED SEISMIC VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT PROCEDURE FOR RC BUILDINGS
Author: Kerstin Lang MEng, Imperial College, University of London, England D.E.A., Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées, Paris, France born 12 November 1971 citizen of Germany | Size: 2 MB | Format:PDF | Quality:Unspecified | Year: 1971
In order to assess the seismic risk for Switzerland, and particularly for the city of Basel,
a joint project on the subject of “Earthquake Scenarios for Switzerland” was launched by
the Swiss Seismological Service (SED) and the Institute of Structural Engineering (IBK)
at the ETH Zurich. The goals of the study are to improve the assessment of seismic hazard,
to investigate the vulnerability of the built environment and finally, to combine the
results to elaborate risk scenarios as the first fundamental step in the mitigation process.
The objective of this work is the evaluation of the seismic vulnerability of existing buildings
with a focus on the residential building stock in the city of Basel. Since no major
damaging earthquake has occurred in Switzerland in recent times, vulnerability functions
from observed damage patterns are not available. A simple evaluation method
based on engineering models of the building structures suitable for the evaluation of a
larger number of buildings is therefore proposed.
First, the general idea of the evaluation method based on nonlinear static procedures is
introduced in Chapter 3 which briefly discusses the two key elements of a vulnerability
analysis, the capacity (strength and deformation capacity) of a building and the seismic
demand. The results are vulnerability functions expressing the expected damage of a
building as a function of the seismic input.
The application of the evaluation method to unreinforced masonry buildings and to reinforced
concrete buildings is discussed in more detail in Chapters 4 and 5 respectively.
Special attention is paid to the frame action due to the coupling of the walls by floors and
spandrels. Comparisons with test results from model buildings in the case of masonry
buildings and with a recently proposed and thoroughly checked deformation orientated
method in the case of reinforced concrete buildings show that the proposed method suitably
forecasts the capacity of a building.
Finally, a comprehensive inventory of the buildings in a small target area in Basel was
established based on plans and a street survey. The inventory comprised a total number
of 87 buildings which were then assessed using the evaluation method. Based on the results
of the assessment, building classes were defined depending on the type of structure
and the number of storeys. Corresponding fragility curves were determined, expressing
the probability of a building belonging to a certain building class of reaching or exceeding
a particular damage grade given a deterministic estimate of the spectral displacement.
The classification of the buildings allows an extrapolation of the results to a larger
area or to the whole city. A statement on the actual seismic risk, however, is not possible
without the knowledge of the local seismic hazard which is not yet available.
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A detailed seismic performance assessment procedure has been developed
for reinforced concrete frame buildings with masonry in-fill walls and reinforced
concrete frames including shear walls. The procedure uses member damage
functions, in terms of inter-story drift ratios, developed for the primary
components: columns, beams, in-fill walls and shear walls. Analytical
investigations carried out to determine the influence of a number of parameters
on the damageability of components were combined with existing experimental
data to develop component damage functions. A new approach has been
developed to combine component damage states to determine the story and
building level performance states. The procedure has been calibrated and
compared with other procedures by predicting the observed performance of
seven buildings exposed to recent earthquakes in Turkey. It was observed that the
damage experienced by most of the components of these buildings was predicted
satisfactorily, and that the observed building damage states were captured. The
procedure can be used for a reliable performance assessment as well as
performance-based design of the RC frame structures.
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The goal of this study is to investigate the collapse risk of reinforced concrete building columns constructed prior to the mid-1970’s, subjected to cyclic lateral loading. These columns have reinforcement details deemed inadequate by modern seismic design standards, and as such are vulnerable to collapse. Testing of two full-scale, shear-critical column specimens was carried out at the NEES-MAST facility at the University of Minnesota. The test specimens had nominally identical material and reinforcement properties. The primary test variable was the applied axial load, which was held constant at 500 kips and 340 kips for the first and second specimens, respectively. The specimens were subjected to increasing lateral displacement cycles until axial load carrying capacity was lost. The thesis discusses the observed lateral and axial load resisting behavior, and analyzes the measured responses of the columns up to and beyond the lateral drift at which they were able to sustain axial load. Test results indicate that column behavior was significantly influenced by the magnitude of the applied axial load, and that the ratio of axial load to gross axial capacity of the longitudinal reinforcement is a key parameter in identifying columns in which axial failure occurs simultaneously with shear failure.
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Author: Béla Bodó, Colin Jones | Size: ? MB | Format:PDF | Quality:Unspecified | Publisher: Wiley | Year: 2013 | pages: 608 | ISBN: 978-0-470-65943-4
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Introduction to Soil Mechanics covers the basic principles of soil mechanics, illustrating why the properties of soil are important, the techniques used to understand and characterise soil behaviour and how that knowledge is then applied in construction. The authors have endeavoured to define and discuss the principles and concepts concisely, providing clear, detailed explanations, and a well-illustrated text with diagrams, charts, graphs and tables. With many practical, worked examples and end-of-chapter and coverage of Eurocode 7, Introduction to Soil Mechanics will be an ideal starting point for the study of soil mechanics and geotechnical engineering.
Currently I took the decision to start some online Primavera P6 tutoring.
Youtube contains many videos related to the topic but I couldn't manage to find a well taught video.
So this led me to ask for some help, since lot of engineers on the site had went through this experience before and had some online tutoring.
Looking forward for some help on this,
Thanks in advance,
Posted by: ssobhan - 08-22-2013, 09:07 AM - Forum: Archive
- No Replies
eBook Full Name: Blast Mitigation: Experimental and Numerical Studies
Author(s): Shukla, Arun; Rajapakse, Yapa D. S.; Hynes, Mary Ellen (Eds.)
Publish Date: 2014
ISBN: 978-1-4614-7266-7
Published By: Springer
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