This book is the first devoted exclusively to the environmental aspects of materials, a core subject area for undergraduate students in several engineering disciplines
The first challenge of climate change is convincing sceptics that it is real. The second challenge is convincing the press that solutions are not trivial. The third challenge is ensuring that the basics are understood. Global warming is a problem even without CO2; CO2 is a problem even without global warming; water shortage and landfill are distinct but real problems. A fourth challenge is educating us all, since understanding is surely the best way to make difficult changes acceptable.
Michael Ashby set a new trend in materials studies with his “materials maps” that showed, for example, the systematic ways that a wide range of materials responded to applied stresses. His insight was that suitable presentation let one see the broad picture in a very practical way, and led to articles, books, and software designed to aid materials selection. His initiative continued with studies of design, where materials are to be selected both for performance (with ideas like figures of merit for applications), and for factors like appearance.
This book is timely and important, focussing on the identification and systematic analysis of how materials decisions have environmental consequences. Ashby reminds readers that, when considering some series of actions, they should compare them with alternatives. Anyone with a favourite idea should have the honesty to consider the whole cycle of steps needed to implement it. For energy generation, one should know carbon costs for site clearance, fabrication, connecting supply to user, and finally clearing the site. One should know credible lifetimes of equipment, and likely hours per day the facility will provide energy. One should know the difference between rated power and what might be delivered. One should know the difference between real cost and subsidised cost. One should understand the carbon cycle, once taught in schools, now usually edited to suit the views of the speaker or journalist. And – which is where this book is especially good – one should have the capability to assess new ideas, or the effects of changes in life style or in the international scene.
What Michael Ashby has done is (as he describes it) create a “toolbox.” It is, of course, more than that. The opening chapters look at resource consumption, and at drivers that range from lifestyle to global population.
A later chapter addresses the way legislation affects materials choices and the ways they can be used. He then looks at the life cycles of various materials and equipment, and they was these interconnect. An important chapter asks about equipment that has reached the end of its first life, whether due to fashion, wear-out, and so on: is the equipment a problem to be disposed of, or is it a resource that might be used in other applications? These, plus chapters on ecodata (where he rightly asks about its accuracy) lead to discussions of eco-informed materials strategies, auditing, and sustainability. Happily, these are much more than the facile comments one reads too often (for example, the real examination question “Wasting less electricity would be good for the Australian environment. Explain why”). Some of the key ideas will be new to many people, like the embodied energy in a material, such as aluminium or a polycarbonate. But these figures, with CO2 footprint, water use in production, and so on, must underpin proper strategies for the future health of our climate. I have oversimplified the discussion, of course. But the book is admirably clear, and its thoughtful approach is much more likely to be a positive influence than assertively sensationalist writers. He does not insist on specific solutions (like the journalists who discuss the green credentials of cork versus plastic wine stoppers) but gives the reader the tools to look at options and compare their environmental consequences quantitatively. As an aid to this, there are some extremely helpful pages of data on different common materials – metals and alloys, ceramics, polymers, and a few others
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Size: 10 MB | Format:CHM | Publisher: Taylor & Francis Routledge | Year: 1994 | pages: 592 | ISBN: 0412537303
This book summarizes advances in a number of fundamental areas of optimization with application in engineering design. The selection of the 'best' or 'optimum' design has long been a major concern of designers and in recent years interest has grown in applying mathematical optimization techniques to design of large engineering and industrial systems, and in using the computer-aided design packages with optimization capabilities which are now available.
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What are the equations & recommendations for Effective flange width of Flanged T and L beams as per ACI 318?
Equations are same or different for RC & PT flanged beams?
If we have Partial prestressed (i.e. some tensile stresses within code limit are permitted) PT flanged beam, We can use code specified equation to calculate effective flange with for positive span moment for which there are no tensile stresses induced in beam, but can we use same equation for support moment due to which some tensile stresses are induced. Do we need to reduce Effective Flanged width, C/S are (A) and Moment of inertia for calculation of stresses, moment capacities, deflections etc.? What are the ACI 318 recommendations for this issue?
Posted by: ir_71 - 12-19-2010, 10:50 AM - Forum: EN
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EN 12502 parts 1 to 5 Protection of metallic materials against corrosion — Guidance on the assessment of corrosion likelihood in water distribution and storage systems
This document gives guidance for the assessment of the corrosion likelihood of metallic materials in water
distribution and storage systems, as a result of corrosion on the water-side.
NOTE This document lists the different types of corrosion and describes in general terms the factors influencing
corrosion likelihood.
Water distribution and storage systems considered in this document are used for waters intended for human
consumption according to EC directive 98/83/EEC and for waters of similar chemical composition.
This document does not cover systems that convey the following types of water.
sea water;
brackish water;
geothermal water;
sewage water;
swimming pool water;
open cooling tower water;
recirculating heating and cooling water;
demineralized water.
Parts 2 to 5 of this document cover the factors influencing the corrosion likelihood for copper and copper
alloys, hot-dip galvanized ferrous materials, stainless steels and cast iron, unalloyed and low alloyed steels in
detail.
This document does not cover lead.
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This document gives a review of influencing factors of the corrosion likelihood of copper and copper alloys used as
tubes, tanks and equipment in water distribution and storage systems as defined in EN 12502-1.
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This document gives a review of influencing factors of the corrosion likelihood of hot dip galvanized steel and
cast iron, used as tubes, tanks and equipment, unalloyed and low alloy ferrous materials in water distribution
and storage systems as defined in EN 12502-1.
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This document gives a review of influencing factors of the corrosion likelihood of stainless steels used as
tubes, tanks and equipment in water distribution and storage systems as defined in EN 12502-1.
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This document reviews the influencing factors for the corrosion likelihood of bare unalloyed or low alloyed
ferrous materials (mild steels and cast irons) used as tubes, tanks and equipment in water distribution and
storage systems, except for water intended for human consumption.
NOTE See EN 12502-1.
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I'm looking for the following article:
"A measure of earthquake motion capacity to damage medium-period structures",
Author: Peter Fajfar, Tomaž Vidic and Matej Fischinger
Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, Volume 9, Issue 5, September 1990, Pages 236-242
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This is a good classic report to understand the ductility and drift limits concept in earthquake resistant-design buildings. It contains review on the-state-of-the-practice and the-state-of-the-art in ductility and drift limits concept.
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ISO 22762 applies to elastomeric seismic isolators used to provide buildings or bridges with protection from
earthquake damage. The isolators covered consist of alternate rubber layers and reinforcing steel plates.
They are placed between a superstructure and its substructure to provide both flexibility for decoupling
structural systems from ground motion, and damping capability to reduce displacement at the isolation
interface and the transmission of energy from the ground into the structure at the isolation frequency.
This part of ISO 22762 specifies the test methods for determination of the characteristics of elastomeric
seismic isolators and for measurement of the properties of the rubber material used in their manufacture.
The specifications cover testing for all properties required in the elastomeric isolators, such as compression
and shear properties, the durability of the isolators and the physical properties of the materials used in
isolators.
Annex E may be used to review those requirements needing confirmation prior to the test programme.
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ISO 22762 applies to elastomeric seismic isolators used to provide buildings or bridges with protection from
earthquake damage. The isolators covered consist of alternate elastomer layers and reinforcing steel plates.
They are placed between a superstructure and its substructure to provide both flexibility for decoupling
structural systems from ground motion, and damping capability to reduce displacement at the isolation
interface and the transmission of energy from the ground into the structure at the isolation frequency.
This part of ISO 22762 specifies the requirements for elastomeric seismic isolators used for bridges and the
requirements for the rubber material used in the manufacture of such isolators. The specification covers
requirements, design rules, manufacturing tolerances, marking and labelling and test methods for elastomeric
isolators.
Some items of classification and some requirements need to be confirmed before production and these should
be reviewed using the list given in Annex D.
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earthquake damage. The isolators covered consist of alternate elastomer layers and reinforcing steel plates.
They are placed between a superstructure and its substructure to provide both flexibility for decoupling
structural systems from ground motion, and damping capability to reduce displacement at the isolation
interface and the transmission of energy from the ground into the structure at the isolation frequency.
This part of ISO 22762 specifies the requirements for elastomeric seismic isolators used for buildings and the
requirements for the rubber material used in the manufacture of such isolators. The specification covers
requirements, design rules, manufacturing tolerances, marking and labelling and test methods for elastomeric
isolators.
Some items of classification and some requirements need to be confirmed before production and these should
be reviewed using the list given in Annex B.
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ISO 80000-2 gives general information about mathematical signs and symbols, their meanings, verbal
equivalents and applications.
The recommendations in ISO 80000-2 are intended mainly for use in the natural sciences and technology, but
also apply to other areas where mathematics is used.
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Crop production in greenhouses is a growing industry, especially in mild climates, and is very important for the population as a source of income and clean, fresh food. Greenhouses create optimal climate conditions for crop growth and protect crops from outside pests. At the same time greenhouse production increases water use efficiency and makes integrated production and protection (IPP) possible. This book provides technical instructions for practice (what to do and what not to do) and gives answers to the question: How to produce more clean crops and better quality with less water, less land and less pesticide. Suitable greenhouse constructions and their design, adapted to local climates in subtropical, tropical and arid regions and infrastructure conditions are presented. The necessary climate control measures - light transmittance, ventilation, cooling, heating, and CO2 enrichment - and physical measures for pest control, as well as methods for using solar energy to desalinate salty water are described. The results of theoretical research are transferred into methods for practical use, so that readers are equipped to solve their problems in practice as well as to get stimulation for further research and development.
Content Level » Research
Keywords » climate control - greenhouse construction - greenhouse design - greenhouse systems - warm climate
Related subjects » Agriculture - Plant Sciences
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction.- Climate conditions and classification.- Crop growth requirement and climate control.- General design criteria for greenhouses.- Greenhouse constructions.- Light transmittance of greenhouses.- Cladding material.- Greenhouse components, mounting, installation and maintenance.- Ventilation.- Insect screening.- Cooling.- Heating.- Crop water requirement and water use efficiency.- Rain water collection and storage. Desalination of salty water and closed system greenhouse.- CO2 enrichment.- References.- Annexes.
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