CEN/TS ISO 17892, parts 1-4 Geotechnical investigation and testing - Laboratory testi

[ir_71]

CEN/TS ISO 17892, parts 1-4 Geotechnical investigation and testing - Laboratory testing of soils

CEN/TS ISO 17892-1:2004 - Geotechnical investigation and testing - Laboratory testing of soil - Part 1: Determination of water content (ISO/TS 17892-1:2004)
This document specifies the laboratory determination of the water (moisture) content of a soil test specimen by oven-drying within the scope of the geotechnical investigations according to prEN 1997 1 and prEN 1997 2. The water content is required as a guide to classification of natural soils and as a control criterion in re-compacted soils and is measured on samples used for most field and laboratory tests. The oven-drying method is the definitive procedure used in usual laboratory practice.
The practical procedure for determining the water content of a soil is to determine the mass of water removed by drying the moist soil (test specimen) to a constant mass in a drying oven controlled at a given temperature, and to use this value as the mass of water in the test specimen related to the mass of solid particles. The mass of soil remaining after oven-drying is used as the mass of the solid particles.

CEN/TS ISO 17892-2:2004 Geotechnical investigation and testing - Laboratory testing of soil - Part 2: Determination of density of fine grained soil (ISO/TS 17892-2:2004)
This document specifies methods of test for the determination of the bulk and dry density of intact soil or rock within the scope of the geotechnical investigations according to prEN 1997 1 and prEN 1997 2.
The bulk density of a soil is useful in the determination of the in-situ overburden stresses at various depth (geostatic stresses). Furthermore, bulk and dry density can qualitatively describe the mechanical characteristics of a soil via empirical relationships which are to be found in the technical literature. Such relationships should be used only as guidelines and should be supplemented by direct measurements of the mechanical characteristics.
This document describes three methods:
a) linear measurements method;
b) immersion in water method;
c) fluid displacement method.
The linear measurement method is suitable for the determination of the density of a specimen of cohesive soil of regular shape, including specimens prepared for other tests. The specimens used are normally in the form of either rectangular prisms or straight cylinders.
The immersion in water method covers the determination of the bulk density and dry density of a specimen of natural or compacted soil by measuring its mass in air and its apparent mass when suspended in water. The method is employable whenever lumps of material of suitable size can be obtained.
The fluid displacement method covers the determination of the bulk density and dry density of a specimen of soil by measuring mass and displacement of water or other appropriate fluid after immersion. The method is employable whenever lumps of material of suitable size can be obtained.

CEN/TS ISO 17892-3:2004 Geotechnical investigation and testing - Laboratory testing of soil - Part 3: Determination of particle density - Pycnometer method (ISO/TS 17892-3:2004)
This document describes a test method for determining the particle density by the pycnometer method within the scope of the geotechnical investigations according to prEN 1997 1 and prEN 1997 2.
The pycnometer method is based on the determination of the volume of a known mass of soil by the fluid displacement method. The density of solid particles is calculated from the mass of the soil and the volume. The pycnometer method applies to soil types with particle sizes under 4 mm.

CEN/TS ISO 17892-1:2004 - Geotechnical investigation and testing - Laboratory testing of soil - Part 1: Determination of water content (ISO/TS 17892-1:2004)
This document specifies the laboratory determination of the water (moisture) content of a soil test specimen by oven-drying within the scope of the geotechnical investigations according to prEN 1997 1 and prEN 1997 2. The water content is required as a guide to classification of natural soils and as a control criterion in re-compacted soils and is measured on samples used for most field and laboratory tests. The oven-drying method is the definitive procedure used in usual laboratory practice.
The practical procedure for determining the water content of a soil is to determine the mass of water removed by drying the moist soil (test specimen) to a constant mass in a drying oven controlled at a given temperature, and to use this value as the mass of water in the test specimen related to the mass of solid particles. The mass of soil remaining after oven-drying is used as the mass of the solid particles.

CEN/TS ISO 17892-2:2004 Geotechnical investigation and testing - Laboratory testing of soil - Part 2: Determination of density of fine grained soil (ISO/TS 17892-2:2004)
This document specifies methods of test for the determination of the bulk and dry density of intact soil or rock within the scope of the geotechnical investigations according to prEN 1997 1 and prEN 1997 2.
The bulk density of a soil is useful in the determination of the in-situ overburden stresses at various depth (geostatic stresses). Furthermore, bulk and dry density can qualitatively describe the mechanical characteristics of a soil via empirical relationships which are to be found in the technical literature. Such relationships should be used only as guidelines and should be supplemented by direct measurements of the mechanical characteristics.
This document describes three methods:
a) linear measurements method;
b) immersion in water method;
c) fluid displacement method.
The linear measurement method is suitable for the determination of the density of a specimen of cohesive soil of regular shape, including specimens prepared for other tests. The specimens used are normally in the form of either rectangular prisms or straight cylinders.
The immersion in water method covers the determination of the bulk density and dry density of a specimen of natural or compacted soil by measuring its mass in air and its apparent mass when suspended in water. The method is employable whenever lumps of material of suitable size can be obtained.
The fluid displacement method covers the determination of the bulk density and dry density of a specimen of soil by measuring mass and displacement of water or other appropriate fluid after immersion. The method is employable whenever lumps of material of suitable size can be obtained.

CEN/TS ISO 17892-4:2004 Geotechnical investigation and testing - Laboratory testing of soil - Part 4: Determination of particle size distribution (ISO/TS 17892-4:2004)
This document describes methods for the determination of the particle size distribution of soil samples.
The particle size distribution is one of the most important physical characteristics of soil. Classification of soils is mainly based on the particle size distribution. Many geotechnical and geohydrological properties of soil are related to the particle size distribution.
The particle size distribution provides a description of soil, based on a subdivision in discrete classes of particle sizes. The size of each class can be determined by sieving and/or sedimentation. For soils with less than 10 % fines, the sieving method is applicable. Soils with more than 10 % fines can be analysed by a combination of sieving and sedimentation.
Sieving is the process whereby the soil is separated in particle size classes by the use of test sieves. Sedimentation is the process of the setting of soil particles in a liquid. The difference in settling rate enables the particle size classes to be separated. Two sedimentation methods are described; the hydrometer method and the pipette method.
The methods described are applicable to all non-cemented soils with particle sizes less than 125 mm.
Depending on the purpose for the determination of the particle size distribution, pretreatment or correction for calcium carbonate, dissolved salts and/or organic matter can be required. The use of these methods should be stated in the laboratory report.
Modern methods that incorporate detection systems using x-rays, laser beams, density measurements and particle counters are not covered by this document.

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[ir_71]

CEN ISO/TS 17892 5-12 Geotechnical investigation and testing - Laboratory testing of soil

CEN ISO/TS 17892-5:2004 Geotechnical investigation and testing - Laboratory testing of soil - Part 5: Incremental loading oedometer test (ISO/TS 17892-5:2004)
This document is intended for determination of the compression, swelling and consolidation properties of soils. The cylindrical test specimen is confined laterally, is subjected to discrete increments of vertical axial loading or unloading and is allowed to drain axially from the top and bottom surfaces.
The main parameters derived from the oedometer test relate to the compressibility and rate of primary consolidation of the soil. Estimates of preconsolidation pressure, rate of secondary compression, and swelling characteristics are sometimes also obtainable.
The main parameters which can be derived from the oedometer test carried out on undisturbed samples are:
1) compressibility parameters;
2) coefficient of consolidation;
3) apparent preconsolidation pressure or yield stress;
4) coefficient of secondary compression;
5) swelling parameters.
The fundamentals of the incremental loading oedometer test include:
- stress path corresponds to one dimensional straining;
- drainage is one-dimensional and axial.
The stress paths and drainage conditions in foundations are generally three dimensional and differences can occur in the calculated values of both the magnitude and the rate of settlement.
The small size of the specimen generally does not adequately represent the fabric features present in natural soils.
Analysis of consolidation tests is generally based on the assumption that the soil is saturated. In case of unsaturated soils, some of the derived parameters may have no physical meaning.

CEN ISO/TS 17892-6:2004 Geotechnical investigation and testing - Laboratory testing of soil - Part 6: Fall cone test (ISO/TS 17892-6:2004)
This document specifies the laboratory determination of undrained shear strength of both undisturbed and remoulded specimen of saturated fine grained cohesive soils by use of a fall-cone.
This document specifies the fall-cone test, in which a cone is allowed to fall with its tip towards a soil specimen, whereupon the penetration of the cone into the soil is measured. Tests performed according to this test yield penetration values which can be used to estimate the undrained shear strength.
The test is applicable to both undisturbed and remoulded soil test specimen.
For undisturbed soil test specimen, the results of the test are dependent on the quality of the specimen. Because of possible effects of anisotropy, it can also differ depending on what undrained shear strength the relation refers to.
The evaluated value of the undrained shear strength of the ''undisturbed'' soil refers to its state during the test in the laboratory. This value is not necessarily indicative of the undrained shear strength of the soil in its natural state in the field. Therefore, the test should be regarded as an index test.
NOTE 1 For non-homogeneous soil samples, this method yields values of the undrained shear strength which are less representative for the bulk shear strength of the sample than other tests involving a larger volume of soil.
NOTE 2 For disturbed soil samples and fissured soil samples this method normally yields higher strength values than tests involving a larger volume of soil.

CEN ISO/TS 17892-7:2004 Geotechnical investigation and testing - Laboratory testing of soil - Part 7: Unconfined compression test on fine-grained soil (ISO/TS 17892-7:2004)
This document covers the determination of an approximate value of the unconfined compressive strength for a square or cylindrical water-saturated homogeneous specimen of undisturbed or remoulded cohesive soil of sufficiently low permeability to keep itself undrained during the time it takes to perform the test within the scope of geotechnical investigations according to prEN 1997 1 and 2.
The unconfined compressive strength of cohesive soils is a measure of the apparent cohesion. A cohesive soil behaves as if it is truly cohesive, e.g. clay and clayey soils, but most soils in this group behave cohesively due to negative pore pressure and friction and not due to actual cohesion.
This test method is useful to derive the undrained shear strength of soil. It should however be noted that no provisions are taken to prevent drainage. The derived value for undrained shear strength is therefore only valid for soils of low permeability, which behave sufficiently undrained during testing.
The method is not appropriate for fissured or varved clays or silts or peats.

CEN ISO/TS 17892-8:2004 Geotechnical investigation and testing - Laboratory testing of soil - Part 8: Unconsolidated undrained triaxial test (ISO/TS 17892-8:2004)
This document specifies the test method for the determination of the compressive strength of a cylindrical, water-saturated specimen of undisturbed or remoulded cohesive soil when first subjected to an isotropic stress without allowing any drainage from the specimen, and thereafter sheared under undrained conditions within the scope of the geotechnical investigations according to prEN 1997 1 and 2.
NOTE "Water-saturated" refers to the in-situ condition. The material tested need not necessarily be saturated at all stages during the laboratory testing.

CEN ISO/TS 17892-9:2004 Geotechnical investigation and testing - Laboratory testing of soil - Part 9: Consolidated triaxial compression tests on water saturated soil (ISO/TS 17892-9:2004)
This document covers the determination of stress-strain relationships and effective stress paths for a cylindrical, water-saturated ) specimen of undisturbed, remoulded or reconstituted soil when subjected to an isotropic or an anisotropic stress under undrained or drained conditions and thereafter sheared under undrained or drained conditions within the scope of the geotechnical investigations according to prEN 1997 1 and 2. The test methods provide data that are appropriate to present tables and plots of stress versus strain, and effective stress paths.
Special procedures such as:
a) Tests with lubricated ends;
b) tests with local measurement of strain or local measurement of pore pressure;
c) tests without rubber membranes;
d) extension tests;
e) shearing where cell pressure varies;
f) shearing at constant volume (no pore pressure change)
are not covered.
The conventional triaxial apparatus is not well suited for measurement of the initial moduli at very small strains. However, strains halfway up to failure are considered to be large enough to be measured in conventional triaxial cells.

CEN ISO/TS 17892-10:2004 Geotechnical investigation and testing - Laboratory testing of soil - Part 10: Direct shear tests (ISO/TS 17892-10:2004)
This document specifies laboratory test methods to establish the effective shear strength parameter for soils within the scope of the geotechnical investigations according to prEN 1997 1 and 2.
The test method consists of placing the test specimen in the direct shear device, applying a pre-determined normal stress, providing for draining (and wetting if required) of the test specimen, or both, consolidating the specimen under normal stress, unlocking the frames that hold the specimen, and displacing one frame horizontally with respect to the other at a constant rate of shear-deformation and measuring the shearing force, and horizontal displacements as the specimen is sheared. Shearing is applied slowly enough to allow excess pore pressures to dissipate by drainage so that effective stresses are equal to total stresses.
Direct shear tests are used in earthworks and foundation engineering for the determination of the effective shear strength of soils.

CEN ISO/TS 17892-11:2004 Geotechnical investigation and testing - Laboratory testing of soil - Part 11: Determination of permeability by constant and falling head (ISO/TS 17892-11:2004)
This document is intended for use in earthworks and foundation engineering. It specifies laboratory test methods to establish the coefficient of permeability of water through water saturated soils. In the proposed laboratory tests soil specimens are subjected to a flow of water passing through the specimen. The water pressure conditions and volume of water passing through the specimens are measured for evaluation of the permeability.
The results obtained serve to calculate groundwater flow and to assess the permeability of man made impervious layers and filter layers.

CEN ISO/TS 17892-12:2004 Geotechnical investigation and testing - Laboratory testing of soil - Part 12: Determination of Atterberg limits (ISO/TS 17892-12:2004)
This document specifies methods of test for the determination of the Atterberg limits of a soil. The Atterberg limits comprise the liquid limit, plastic limit and shrinkage limit. These limits are also called consistency limits. This document covers the determination of the liquid limit and the plastic limit only.The liquid limit is the water content at which a soil changes from a liquid to a plastic state. This document describes the determination of the liquid limit of a specimen of natural soil, or of a specimen of soil from which material retained on a 0,4 mm or nearest sieve has been removed, using the fall cone method. This standard has adopted both the 60 g/60В° cone and the 80 g/30В° cone as it has been shown that both cones give essentially the same value of the liquid limit. Other cone devices may be adopted provided they can be shown to give results equal to those obtained from the tests described herein.
NOTE The Casagrande method is an alternative method for the determination of the liquid limit. Experience has shown that the results are subject to the performance and judgement of the operator. Moreover, the Casagrande type apparatus and test method have undergone many small but significant variations since it was first proposed by Casagrande in 1932. These variations give rise to differences in the values of the liquid limit determined from the test. The fall cone method is the preferred method of determining the liquid limit of a soil.The plastic limit of a soil is the lowest water content at which the soil is plastic. The determination of the plastic limit is normally made in conjunction with the determination of the liquid limit. It is recognised that the results of the test are subject to the judgement of the operator, and that some variability in results will occur.
The Atterberg limits are influenced by oxidation or other changes in the specimen, resulting from storing it too long or otherwise by treating it in an unsuitable way.

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