Natural Wastewater Treatment Systems

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Natural Wastewater Treatment Systems

Author: Ronald W. Crites, E. Joe Middlebrooks, Sherwood C. Reed | Size: 11.4 MB | Format: PDF | Publisher: CRC Press | Year: 2005 | pages: 576 | ISBN: 9780849338045

Features

Presents detailed coverage of all natural wastewater treatment systems Covers slow rate, overland flow, and soil aquifer treatment systems of land treatment and reuse
Discusses dewatering, disposal, conditioning, and reuse methods of sludge management Provides performance data on the removal of constituents such as nutrients, metals, pathogens, trace organics, and endocrine-disrupting chemicals
Includes a section on vertical flow wetlands not found in any other book, reflecting the exceptional performance from European and Canadian experience

Summary
Although initially based purely on environmental principles of reuse and recycling, natural waste treatment systems proved to have economic advantages over mechanical systems in many cases, being less expensive to build and operate as well as requiring less energy. Thus, natural waste treatment methods reemerged even as advanced wastewater treatment technologies exploded in growth. Reflecting this burgeoning popularity, Natural Wastewater Treatment Systems is the first book to integrate all the major types of natural treatment systems into a single source.

Beginning with an overview of the types of natural treatment systems, the book outlines the planning, feasibility assessment, and site selection processes unique to natural processes as well as the basic process responses and interactions governing natural systems. The authors then examine the systems in detail, discussing wastewater pond systems, free water surface constructed wetlands, subsurface and vertical flow constructed wetlands, land treatment, sludge management, and onsite wastewater systems. They illustrate the practical aspects through 30 examples; include 178 data tables for comparing costs, performance, and constraints; and describe new approaches to partially mixed ponds, including dual-powered aeration ponds.

Written by eminent experts in natural waste treatment, Natural Wastewater Treatment Systems is an invaluable tool for selecting, planning, and implementing ecologically and economically sound wastewater treatment systems.

Table of Contents:

NATURAL WASTE TREATMENT SYSTEMS: AN OVERVIEW
Natural Treatment Processes
Project Development
References

PLANNING, FEASIBILITY ASSESSMENT, AND SITE SELECTION
Concept Evaluation
Site Identification
Site Evaluation
Site and Process Selection
References

BASIC PROCESS RESPONSES AND INTERACTIONS
Water Management
Biodegradable Organics
Organic Priority Pollutants
Pathogens
Metals
Nutrients
References

DESIGN OF WASTEWATER POND SYSTEMS
Introduction
Facultative Ponds
Partial-Mix Aerated Ponds
Complete Mix Aerated Pond Systems
Anaerobic Ponds
Controlled Discharge Pond System
Complete Retention Pond System
Hydrograph Controlled Release
High-Performance Aerated Pond Systems (Rich Design)
Proprietary Systems
Nitrogen Removal in Lagoons
Modified High-Performance Aerated Pond Systems for Nitrification and Denitrification
Nitrogen Removal in Ponds Coupled with Wetlands and Gravel Bed Nitrification Filters
Control of Algae and Design of Settling Basins
Hydraulic Control of Ponds
Removal of Phosphorus
References

POND MODIFICATIONS FOR POLISHING EFFLUENTS
Solids Removal Methods
Modifications and Additions to Typical Designs
Performance Comparisons with Other Removal Methods
References

FREE WATER SURFACE CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS
Process Description
Wetland Components
Performance Expectations
Potential Applications
Planning and Design
Hydraulic Design Procedures
Thermal Aspects
Design Models and Effluent Quality Prediction
Physical Design and Construction
Operation and Maintenance
Costs
Troubleshooting
References

SUBSURFACE AND VERTICAL FLOW CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS
Hydraulics of Subsurface Flow Wetlands
Thermal Aspects
Performance Expectations
Design of SSF Wetlands
Design Elements of Subsurface Flow Wetlands
Alternative Application Strategies
Potential Applications
Case Study: Minoa, New York
Nitrification Filter Bed
Design of On-Site Systems
Vertical-Flow Wetland Beds
Construction Considerations
Operation and Maintenance
Costs
Troubleshooting
References

LAND TREATMENT SYSTEMS
Types of Land Treatment Systems
Slow Rate Land Treatment
Overland Flow Systems
Soil Aquifer Treatment Systems
Phytoremediation
Industrial Wastewater Management
References

SLUDGE MANAGEMENT AND TREATMENT
Sludge Quantity and Characteristics
Stabilization and Dewatering
Sludge Freezing
Reed Beds
Vermistabilization
Comparison of Bed-Type Operations
Composting
Land Application and Surface Disposal of Biosolids
References

ON-SITE WASTEWATER SYSTEMS
Types of On-Site Systems
Effluent Disposal and Reuse Options
Site Evaluation and Assessment
Cumulative Areal Nitrogen Loadings
Alternative Nutrient Removal Processes
Disposal of Variously Treated Effluents in Soils
Design Criteria for On -Site Disposal Alternatives
Design Criteria for On-Site Reuse Alternatives
Correction of Failed Systems
References

APPENDICES
Appendix 1: Metric Conversion Factors (SI to U.S. Customary Units)
Appendix 2: Conversion Factors for Commonly Used Design Parameters
Appendix 3: Physical Properties of Water
Appendix 4: Dissolved Oxygen Solubility in Freshwater
INDEX

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