BIPS 07: Primer to Design Safe School Projects in Case of Terrorist Attacks and Schoo

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BIPS 07: Primer to Design Safe School Projects in Case of Terrorist Attacks and School Shootings

Author: Homeland Security, Science and Technology & FEMA | Size: 29.0 MB | Format: PDF | Quality: Original preprint | Publisher: Department of Homeland Security (DHS), Science and Technology (S&T) Directorate, Infrastructure | Year: January 2012. 2nd Edition | pages: 317

BIPS 07: Primer to Design Safe School Projects in Case of Terrorist Attacks and School Shootings

Primer to Design Safe School Projects
in Case of Terrorist Attacks and School
Shootings
FEMA-428/BIPS-07/January 2012
Edition 2

This publication, part of the new Building and Infrastructure
Protection Series (BIPS) published by the DHS Science and
Technology Directorate (S&T) Infrastructure Protection and
Disaster Management Division (IDD), serves to advance high performance
and integrated design for buildings and infrastructure. This
manual was prepared as a component of the S&T program for infrastructure
protection and disaster management; the overall goal of this
program is to enhance the physical resistance of our Nation’s buildings
and infrastructure to manmade and natural hazards to meet specific
performance requirements at the highest possible level.
This is the Second Edition of a publication developed
by the Federal Emergency Management
Agency (FEMA) as part of the Risk Management
Series known as: FEMA 428, Primer to Design Safe
School Projects in Case of Terrorist Attacks. This publication
(hereafter primer) revises and expands the
original 2003 edition with updated risk assessment
techniques, protective measures, emerging technologies,
and discussion of the threat of school
shootings.
The purpose of this primer is to provide the design community and school
administrators with the basic principles and techniques to make a school
safe from terrorist attacks and school shootings and at the same time
ensure it is functional and aesthetically pleasing, and meets the needs
of the students, staff, administration, and general public. Protecting a
school building and grounds from physical attack
is a significant challenge because the design, construction,
renovation, operation, and maintenance
of a facility must consider numerous building users,
infrastructure systems, and building design codes.
Schools are an integral part of every community
in the United States. As of fall 2010, approximately
75.9 million people were projected as enrolled
in public and private schools at all levels including
elementary, secondary (See Figure 1), and postsecondary
degree-granting. In addition, the number
of professional, administrative, and support staff employed in educational
institutions was projected at 5.4 million (U.S. Department of Education
2010). Additionally, schools serve as resources for their communities.
Many schools are used as shelters, command centers, or meeting places
in times of crisis. Schools are also used widely for polling and voting functions.
In some communities, schools are places of health care delivery.
Consequently, ensuring the safety of students, faculty, and staff in our
schools, as well as the safety of the school buildings themselves, is critically
important. Schools may or may not be the targets of terrorism, but they
are certain to be affected by terrorism, whether directly or indirectly.
On September 11, 2001, four elementary schools
and three high schools located within six blocks
of the World Trade Center were just beginning
classes when the first plane hit the North Tower.
Thousands of children were exposed to the dust
clouds from the collapsing buildings. Even those
children not in the immediate vicinity experienced
a great deal of anxiety. Children in at least three
States (New York, New Jersey, and Connecticut) had parents working
in or around the World Trade Center that day. In the Washington, DC,
area, school children faced similar situations after the Pentagon was attacked
(CDC 2003).
Many Americans feel that schools should be the safest place our children
can be, perhaps at times even safer than the homes in which they
live. Security is not a standalone capability; it is a critical design consideration
that should be continually reviewed and scrutinized from the
design phase through construction or rehabilitation
and into building use.
The focus of this primer is on the threats posed
by potential physical attacks on a school by terrorists
and active shooters. Attacks on schools and
school children are highly emotional and high
profile events. At the time of publication of this
primer, there has been no direct terrorist attack
or credible threats against a school in the United
States; however, schools could be indirectly threatened by collateral
damage from a terrorist attack directed at nearby facilities. Protecting
a school against terrorist attack or active shooter is a challenging task.
A school may have considerable vulnerabilities, because of its well
defined periods of use, designated access points, storage of sensitive
personal information, minimal security forces, and numerous avenues
of penetration and escape for attackers.
This specific primer is a companion volume to FEMA P-424, Design
Guide for Improving School Safety in Earthquakes, Floods and High Winds
(2010). In dealing with the protection of school buildings from terrorist
threats, this primer is also a companion to BIPS 06 (Formerly
FEMA 426), Reference Manual to Mitigate Potential Terrorist Attacks Against
Buildings. Where BIPS 06 deals with all building types and occupancies,
this primer focuses on a single facility type with a very specific occupancy
and vulnerability.

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