House Rating Schemes: From Energy to Comfort Base

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House Rating Schemes: From Energy to Comfort Base

Author: Maria Kordjamshidi | Size: 2.7 MB | Format: PDF | Publisher: Springer | Year: 2010 | pages: 300 | ISBN: 3642157890

"House Rating Schemes" provides information to students, architects and researchers in the field of the built environment. It reviews current House Rating Schemes (HRS) used in different countries and investigates how these schemes assess the thermal performance of a house. It challenges the way that these schemes assess building energy efficiency and their inability to evaluate free running buildings which do not need an energy load for heating and cooling indoor environments. Finally, the book proposes a new index and method for HRS in which the efficiency of a house design can be evaluated with reference to its thermal performance in both free running and conditioned operation modes. The book deals with various approaches and methods for rating buildings on the basis of different indexes, with implications for both energy efficiency and thermal comfort. It also guides readers through a computer simulation program for developing a rating system that evaluates and ranks building energy efficiency.

Content Level » Research

Keywords » Buildings - Energy efficiency - Rating - Thermal comfort - Thermal performance

Related subjects » Architecture - Energy Technology - Engineering - Sustainable Development

1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Why House Energy Ratings Accomplished . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 The Position of Passive Architecture in Current HERS . . . . . . . 3
1.3 A Conflict in HERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.4 Book Outline – How to Read the Book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2 House Rating Schemes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.1 House Energy Rating Schemes (HERS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.1.1 TheUnitedStates ofAmerica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.1.2 Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.1.3 Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.1.4 Australia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.2 Rating Methodologies for Buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.2.1 Building Rating Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.3 Energy as theMainParameter forRatingBuildings . . . . . . . . 18
2.4 Issues Related to Building Energy Rating Schemes . . . . . . . . 19
2.4.1 Rating and Achievement of Sustainability . . . . . . . . . 19
2.4.2 Rating Free Running Buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.4.3 Rating Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.4.4 Occupancy Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.4.5 Accuracy of HERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.5 Need for a New Index for Assessing Building
EnergyEfficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.6 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
3 Thermal Comfort . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.1 ThermalComfort . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.1.1 Definition of Thermal Comfort . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3.1.2 Human Comfort and Variables Affecting
ThermalComfort . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3.1.3 Thermal Comfort Models and Standards . . . . . . . . . . 34
v
vi Contents
3.1.4 Applicability of the Thermal Comfort Index
for Naturally Ventilated Buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
3.1.5 Adaptive Thermal Comfort Models for Naturally
Ventilated/Free Running Buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
3.1.6 Acceptable Thermal Conditions in Free Running
Buildings Based on the ASHRAE Standard . . . . . . . . 41
3.1.7 Applicability of the Adaptive Comfort Model
for Free Running Residential Buildings . . . . . . . . . . 41
3.2 Evaluation of a Residential Building’s Thermal
Performance on the Basis of Thermal Comfort . . . . . . . . . . . 43
3.2.1 Computing Degree Hours for Free Running
Houses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
3.3 Indicators to Measure the Thermal Performance of Houses
forRatingPurposes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
3.3.1 Conditioned Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
3.3.2 Free Running Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
3.3.3 Howan IndicatorPoints toBuildingEfficiency . . . . . . 46
3.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
4 Modelling Efficient Building Design: Efficiency for Low
Energy or No Energy? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
4.1 Building Performance Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
4.1.1 BuildingSimulationPrograms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
4.1.2 Criteria for Modeling the Thermal Performance
of Buildings in Two Different Operation Modes . . . . . . 56
4.1.3 Effective Parameters for Improving Buildings
Thermal Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
4.2 Parametric Sensitivity Analysis of Thermal Performances
ofBuildings:AComparativeAnalysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
4.2.1 What Is Sensitivity Analysis? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
4.2.2 Thermal Performances of Dwellings
in the Sydney Climate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
4.2.3 Summary of Thermal Performance Analysis . . . . . . . . 100
4.3 Relationship Between Thermal Performance of Buildings
ontheBasisofEnergy andThermalComfort . . . . . . . . . . . 102
4.3.1 CorrelationCoefficient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
4.3.2 MultivariateRegressionAnalysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
4.4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
5 Assembling a House Energy Ratings (HER) and House Free
Running Ratings (HFR) Scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
5.1 Rating Building Thermal Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
5.1.1 How Should Building Thermal Performance Bands
Be Defined for Rating? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
Contents vii
5.2 TheCombination ofTwoRatingSystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
5.3 HowtheNewCombinedSystemEvaluatesEfficiency . . . . . . . 125
5.4 Reliability of the New Rating System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
5.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
6 Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
6.1 The Effect of House Envelope Parameters on the Seasonal
Performance of Houses in Different Operation Modes . . . . . . . 131
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141

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