Flammability testing of materials used in construction, transport and mining

Flammability testing of materials used in construction, transport and mining - Printable Version

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Flammability testing of materials used in construction, transport and mining - cordoba123 - 12-20-2011

Flammability testing of materials used in construction, transport and mining >> By V Apte, formerly Fire Science and Technology Laboratory, CSIRO, Australia

V Apte, formerly Fire Science and Technology Laboratory, CSIRO, Australia

- an authoritative guide to best practice in ensuring safe design
- defines flammability and the main types of test available
- a vital reference source for civil and transport engineers

Engineers need to be able to test the flammability of the materials they use in buildings and other structures. However, the range of test procedures and regulations in this important area is often confusing. Flammability testing of materials used in construction, transport and mining provides an authoritative guide to current best practice in ensuring safe design.

The book begins by defining flammability and the main types of test available. Building on this foundation, a group of chapters then reviews tests for key materials used in buildings and their contents. There are chapters on wood, external cladding and sandwich panels as well as the flammability of walls and ceilings. Tests for furniture fabrics, cables and electrical appliances are also reviewed. A final group of chapters discusses other types of test, particularly in the transport sector, including chapters on flammability testing for railway passenger cars, aircraft, road and rail tunnels.

With its distinguished international team of contributors, Flammability testing of materials used in construction, transport and mining is a standard reference for civil and transport engineers in particular.

About the author

Dr Vivek Apte is a Senior Research Scientist with CSIRO Manufacturing and Infrastructure Technology (CMIT), and has led a number of projects within its Fire Science and Technology Laboratory. Before joining CMIT, Dr Apte was a Senior Specialist at TestSafe Australia for 14 years. He is the author of over 75 publications in the area of fire and explosion safety.

Contents

PART 1 FLAMMABILITY TESTS FOR BUILDINGS AND THEIR CONTENTS
PART 2 FLAMMABILITY TESTS FOR TRANSPORTATION AND MINING

Understanding materials flammability
C Lautenberger, University of California, USA, J Torero, University of Edinburgh, UK and A C Fernandez-Pello, University of California, Berkeley, USA
- Definition of flammability
- Key aspects of flammability
- Standardized bench-scale flammability tests
- Standardized real-scale flammability tests
- Customized flammability tests
- Fire modeling as a complement to flammability testing
- Future trends
- References

Fundamental measurement techniques
M Janssens, Southwest Research Institute, USA
- Introduction
- Temperature measurements
- Heat flux
- Mass
- Pressure
- Gas velocity
- Gas flow rate
- Light extinction
- Gas analysis
- Error and uncertainty of measurements
- References
PART 1 FLAMMABILITY TESTS FOR BUILDINGS AND THEIR CONTENTS

Flammability of wood products
B A-L Östman, SP Trätek / Wood Technology, Sweden
- Introduction
- New European classes for the reaction to fire performance of building products
- Applications for different wood products
- Test results for different wood products
- Classification without further testing for wood products
- Conclusions
- Acknowledgments
- References

Flammability tests for external cladding on buildings
E Soja, BRANZ Ltd, New Zealand
- Introduction
- Building regulations
- Modelling external fire spread
- Case studies of fires
- Full-scale or intermediate-scale test methods for façades
- Small- or bench-scale test methods used to classify external claddings
- Performance in selected test methods
- Conclusions
- References

Fire hazard assessment of wall and ceiling fire spread in rooms
C Wade, BRANZ Ltd, New Zealand
- Introduction
- Model basis and principles
- Material properties
- Determining flame spread and fire growth
- Smoke development
- Model verification
- Conclusions
- Nomenclature
- References

Fire behaviour of sandwich panels
P Van Hees, SP Fire Technology, Sweden
- Description of sandwich panels
- Typical fire problems related to sandwich panels
- Overview of major recent developed reaction to fire test methods
- Overview of major test methods and approaches used by insurance companies
- Recent research related to sandwich panels
- Areas for further progress in testing of sandwich panels
- References and bibliography

Flammability tests for upholstered furniture and mattresses
CM Fleischman, University of Canterbury, New Zealand
- Introduction
- The role of upholstered furniture and mattresses in fires
- Description of the burning behaviour of upholstered furniture
- Standard test methods for upholstered furniture and mattresses
- Modelling of furniture fires
- Additional information
- Nomenclature
- References

Flammability tests for cables
B Sundstrom, SP Fire Technology, Sweden
- Fire hazards related to cables
- International standards for the fire performance of cables
- The European Union requirements on cables
- Some results of research projects related to cables
- Areas for further development

Flammability tests for electrical appliances
M Simonson, SP Fire Technology, Sweden
- Introduction
- Fire statistics
- Fire performance
- Standardisation/regulation
- Environmental considerations
- References
PART 2 FLAMMABILITY TESTS FOR TRANSPORTATION AND MINING

Flammability tests for regulation of building and construction materials
K Sumathipala, American Forest and Paper Association and R H White, USDA Forest Service, USA
- Introduction
- United States flammability requirements
- Canadian flammability requirements
- European flammability requirements
- Japanese and Chinese flammability requirements
- Future trends
- Sources of further information and advice
- References

Fire testing in road and railway tunnels
H Ingason, SP Fire Technology, Sweden
- Introduction
- Overview of large-scale tunnel experiments
- Description of large-scale tests
- Summation of measured HRR data
- Summation of the temperature data
- Summation of flame length data
- Conclusions
- References

Flammability tests for aircraft
J M Peterson, Boeing Commercial Airplanes, USA
- Introduction
- FAA approvals for design and production of airplanes
- FAA fire test requirements inside the fuselage
- FAA fire test requirements outside the fuselage
- Future FAA directions
- References

Flammability testing in the mining sector
H C Verakis, US Department of Labor, USA
- Introduction
- Regulated materials for flammability
- Definitions and terms
- Technical aspects and criteria
- Evaluated materials/products
- Future applications/trends
- Summary
- Sources of information
- References

Flammability tests for railway passenger cars
R D Peacock and R W Bukowski, NIST Building and Fire Laboratory, USA
- Introduction
- Small scale testing
- Tests on assemblies
- Full scale tests
- Future trends
- References

Ships and submarines
B Y Lattimer, Hughes Associates Inc., USA
- Introduction
- Ships
- Submarines
- Future trends
- Summary
- References

Tests for spontaneous ignition of solid materials
H Wang, CSIRO Manufacturing and Infrastructure Technology, B Z Dlugorgorski and E M Kennedy, The University of Newcastle, Australia
- Introduction
- Heat-based methods: isothermal and adiabatic calorimetry
- Heat-based methods: differential thermal analysis (DTA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)
- Heat-based methods: basket heating
- Heat-based methods: Chen’s method
- Heat-based methods: crossing-point temperature (CPT)
- Non heat-based methods: thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)
- Non heat-based methods: oxygen consumption and generation of gaseous oxidation products
- Non heat-based methods: generation of solid oxidation products
- Advantages and disadvantages of the various test methods
- Conclusions
- Nomenclature
- References

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