Civil Engineering Association

This manual provides information, foundation exploration and testing procedures, load test methods, analysis techniques, allowable criteria, design procedures, and construction consideration for the selection, design, and installation of pile foundations

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DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY EM 1110-2-2906
US Army Corps of Engineers
CECW-ED Washington, DC 20314-1000
Engineer Manual
No. 1110-2-2906 15 January 1991

DESIGN OF PILE FOUNDATIONS

1. Purpose. This manual provides information, foundation exploration and testing procedures, load test methods, analysis techniques, allowable criteria, design procedures, and construction consideration for the selection, design, and installation of pile foundations. The guidance is based on the present state of the technology for pile-soil-structure-foundation interaction behavior. This manual provides design guidance intended specifically for the geotechnical and structural engineer but also provides essential information
for others interested in pile foundations such as the construction engineer in understanding construction techniques related to pile behavior during installation.
Since the understanding of the physical causes of pile foundation behavior is actively expanding by better definition through ongoing research, prototype, model pile, and pile group testing and development of more refined analytical models, this manual is intended to provide examples and procedures of what has been proven successful. This is not the last nor final word on the state of the art for this technology. We expect, as further practical design and installation procedures are developed from the expansion of this technology, that these updates will be issued as changes to this manual.

2. Applicability. This manual is applicable to all USACE commands having civil works responsibilities, especially those geotechnical and structural engineers charged with the responsibility for design and installation of safe and economical pile foundations.




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Design of Pile Foundations

CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION
Purpose 1-1 1-1
Applicability 1-2 1-1
References, Bibliographical and Related Material 1-3 1-1
Definitions 1-4 1-2
CHAPTER 2. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
General 2-1 2-1
Structural and Geotechnical Coordination 2-2 2-1
Design Considerations 2-3 2-1
Nature of Loadings 2-4 2-3
Foundation Material 2-5 2-4
Identification and Evaluation of Pile 2-6 2-5
Alternatives
Field Responsibilities for the Design Engineer 2-7 2-7
Subsurface Conditions 2-8 2-8
Pile Instrumentation 2-9 2-8
CHAPTER 3. GEOTECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS
Subsurface Investigations and Geology 3-1 3-1
Laboratory and Field Testing 3-2 3-1
Foundation Modification 3-3 3-2
Ground-Water Studies 3-4 3-2
Dynamic Considerations 3-5 3-2
Pile Load Test 3-6 3-3
Selection of Shear Strength Parameters 3-7 3-4
CHAPTER 4. ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
General 4-1 4-1
Design Criteria 4-2 4-1
Pile Capacity 4-3 4-10
Settlement 4-4 4-22
Pile Group Analysis 4-5 4-27
Design Procedure 4-6 4-38
Special Considerations 4-7 4-42
CHAPTER 5. ENGINEERING CONSIDERATIONS PERTAINING TO
CONSTRUCTION
General 5-1 5-1
Construction Practices and Equipment 5-2 5-1
Pile Driving Studies 5-3 5-18
Control of Pile Driving Operations 5-4 5-22
Results of Corps Experiences 5-5 5-26
As-Built Analysis 5-6 5-27
Field Evaluation 5-7 5-29
CHAPTER 6. FIELD PILE TESTS
General 6-1 6-1
Decision Process 6-2 6-1
Axial Load Test 6-3 6-3
Monotonic Lateral Load Test 6-4 6-10
APPENDIX A. REFERENCES A-1
APPENDIX B. BIBLIOGRAPHICAL AND RELATED MATERIAL B-1
APPENDIX C. CASE HISTORY - PILE DRIVING AT LOCK AND DAM C-1
NO. 1 RED RIVER WATERWAY
APPENDIX D. PILE CAPACITY COMPUTATIONS D-1

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